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Use of ambiguous symbols in encoding.

According to Koontz and O Donnel “Motivation is a general term applying to entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces”.

Motivation is defined as inducing, inspiring and stimulating a person to perform with their best ability, to accomplish the goal. It depends upon satisfying needs of people. In the words of Farland, “motivation is the way in which urges, desires, aspirations or needs, direct control and explain the behaviour of human beings”.

Noise is the hindrance in the process of communication. It creates hurdle in the way of conversation. It can take place at any step in the communication process.

Its main examples are:

• Use of ambiguous symbols in encoding.

• Telephone line going dead.

• An inattentive receiver.

• Understanding wrong meaning of the message.

Difference between Managers and Leaders

Difference between Managers and Leaders

I do agree with this statement. Following are the reasons:

i. Management is wider term than leadership.

ii. It is necessary for a manager to play the role of a leader.

iii. It is not necessary for a leader to play the role of a manager.

It refers to a signal pointing out to what extent the receiver has really received and understood the sender’s message correctly.

Through influencing subordinates.

Leadership is an element of directing function of management.

It refers to defence against accidents, attacks, diseases and other unexpected problems.

It refers to safety of livelihood and arrangement for old age.

Correct option is (A) Opening savings account

Features of Motivation:

(a) Internal feeling.

(b) Produces goal directed behaviour.

(c) Can be positive or negative.

(d) Complex process

Detailed Answer:

Features of Motivation:

(a) Motivation is an internal feeling. The urge, drives, desires, aspirations, striving or needs of human being, which are internal, influence human behaviour. For example, People may have the urge for possessing a motorbike, comfortable house, reputation in the society. These urges are internal to an individual.

(b) Motivation produces goal directed behaviour. -For example, The promotion in the job may be given to the employee with the objective of improving his performance. If the employee is interested in promotion, it helps to produce behaviour to improve performance.

(c) Motivation can be either positive or negative. Positive motivation provides positive rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition etc., Negative motivation uses negative means like punishment, stopping increments, threatening etc. which also may induce a Person to act in the desired way.

(d) Motivation is a complex process as the individuals are heterogeneous in their expectations, perceptions and reactions. Any type of motivation may not have uniform effect on all the members.

(c) Abraham Maslow

The manager should adopt more friendly approach towards the workers. The manager should encourage a system of two-way communication, provide an outlet for workers to share their feelings, suggestions and problems.

1. Disburse competitive financial compensation to satisfy employees' physiological needs. Physiological needs include things such as food, water, shelter and clothing, all of which can be satisfied with a reliable income. Employers offering higher compensation for the same job titles can attract more qualified job applicants, as they expect this first layer of needs to be satisfied more fully. Small businesses can compete with higher-paying corporate competitors by doing a better job satisfying needs at higher levels. 

2. Provide comprehensive benefits packages to your employees to satisfy their safety needs. Let your words and actions ensure employees that they have job security, as well, to reinforce safety needs. Safety needs include physical health, job security and protection for private property. Employee benefits satisfy physical safety needs with medical insurance and financial safety needs with retirement accounts. Employees who are confident they will not be laid off or fired in the near future can feel more at ease and satisfied at work.

(a) Financial Incentive:

Co-Partnership/Stock Option: Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a set price which is lower than the market price. Sometimes, management may allot shares in line of various incentives payable in cash. The allotment of shares creates a feeling of ownership to the employees and makes them to contribute for the growth of the organisation. In Infosys the scheme of stock option has been implemented as a part of managerial compensation.

(b) Other Financial Incentives:

Pay and Allowances: For every employee, salary is the basic monetary incentive. It includes basic pay, dearness allowance and other allowances. Salary system consists of regular increments in the pay every year and enhancement of allowances from time-to-time. In some business organisations, pay hike and increments may be linked to the performance.

Productivity linked Wage incentives: Several wage incentive plans aims at linking payment of wages to increase in the productivity at individual or group level.

Bonus: Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/ salary to the employees.

Profit Sharing: Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the profits of the organisation. This serves to motivate the employees to improve their performance and contribute to increase in profits.

Retirement Benefits: Several retirement benefits such as provident fund, pension, and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement. This acts as an incentive when they are in service in the organisation.

Perquisites: In many companies perquisites and fringe benefits are offered such as car allowance, housing, medical aid, and education to the children etc., over and above the salary. These measures help to provide motivation to the employees/managers.

1. Incentive : Financial Type : Co-partnership or Stock Option

2. Other Financial Incentives:

1. Pay and Allowances: Pay and allowances are the chief monetary incentives for every employee. Salary includes basic pay and dearness allowance alongwith other allowances. The employees remain motivated with the annual increment in pay and allowances.

2. Productivity-linked Wage Incentive: The employees can be motivated by linking productivity with their salary. In other words, the increment in salary will be in direct proportion of increase in productivity.

Encoding is the process of converting the message into communication symbols such as words, pictures, etc. by the sender of the message.

Importance of Directing:

(i) Integrated group activity: The organisational goals can be achieved only when individual efforts are integrated. Directing integrates employee's efforts in such a way that every individual effort contributes to the organisational performance.

(ii) Initiates action: Direction sets an organisation into motion. Through directing, other managerial functions are initiated and activated. Directing helps the management to supervise, communicate, lead and motivate people at work to function in the desired way for achieving organisational goals.

(iii) Directing attempts to get maximum out of the individuals: Every employee has the potential and capacity, which needs to be harnessed by the superiors, By using elements of direction, i.e., Supervision, Motivation, Leadership and Communication, the efficiency of employees can be raised through willing co-operation.

(iv) Brings stability and balance in the organisation: Directing fosters co-operation and commitment among the people and helps to achieve stability and balance among various groups, activities and the departments.

Decoding as an element of communication is the process of converting encoded symbols by the receiver into recognizable words or sentences.

(a) Yes 

(b) Financial and Non Financial Incentives:

Incentive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance.

These incentives maybe Financial Incentives:

Financial incentives refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance.

Financial incentives are:

(a) Pay and allowances :

It includes basic pay, dearness allowances and other allowances.

(b) Commission:

Under this system, a sales person is guaranteed a minimum wage as well as commission on sales. A commission plan motivates him to work better.

(c) Bonus :

Bonus is an incentive offered over and above the wages/salary to the employees. 

(d) Profit Sharing:

Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees in the profits of the organisation.

(e) Co-partnership/ Stock option :

Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a price which is lower than market price. 

(f) Retirement Benefits :

Several retirement benefits such as provident fund,, pension, and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement.

(g) Perquisites:

It includes car allowance housing, medical aid, and education to the children, etc., over and above the salary.

Financial and Non Financial Incentives :

Incentive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance.

These incentives may be –

Financial Incentives :

Financial incentives refer to people for better performance.

Financial incentives are: 

(a) Pay and allowances :

It includes basic pay, dearness allowances and other allowances.

(b) Commission:

Urttfer this system, a sales person is guaranteed a minimum wage as well as commission on sales. A commission plan motivates him to work better.

Non Financial Incentives:

Incentives which are not measurable in terms of money are called Non Financial Incentives. These incentives are essential for satisfying psychological, social and emotional needs.

Some of the important non financial incentives are:

(a) Status:

status means ranking of positions in the organisation. Psychological, social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.

(b) Organisational Climate :

It includes individuals autonomy, reward orientation, consideration to employees, etc. These characteristics influence the behaviour of individuals in the organization

It refers to that person who has the ability to influence others.

It refers to influencing others in such a manner to do what the leader wants them to do.

Autocratic leadership

Direction is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability. It includes making assignments, explaining procedures seeing that mistakes are corrected.

Clarity of ideas.

Motivation:

Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Motivation depends upon satisfying needs of people.

Directing:

Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counselling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.

Noise means disturbance in process of communication. For example, loud music etc.

(c) Organization Barrier

Directing comprises of four elements 

(i) Supervision: It can be understood as the process of guiding and instructing the efforts of employees. 

(ii) Motivation: The process of encouraging the employees in order to help them in achieving the desired goals is known as motivation. 

(iii) Leadership: It is the process of influencing the behaviour of people by making them strive voluntarily towards achievement of organisational goals. 

(iv) Communication: It is the process of exchange of ideas, views, facts, feelings etc between or among people to create common understanding.

Supervision means instructing, guiding, monitoring motivating and observing the activities of employees from over and above. The person who is performing the work of supervision is known as supervisor. Supervisor is the link between management and subordinates. He is the person who translates the policies and plan of management to the subordinates and revert back the complaint, suggestions and feedback of subordinates to management.

The function of directing has four elements. They are:

1. Supervision: Supervision means to supervise the function or work done by employees.
2. Motivation: ‘Motivation means the process of stimulating people to perform action and to make it possible to have maximum work satisfaction.’
3. Leadership: The art and skill of creating the desire in others, for achieving objectives is called leadership.
4. Communication: Communication is the process of exchange of words, letters, instructions and opinions.