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The correct answer is (b) 480 Hz

EXPLANATION: 

The simple harmonic disturbance produced by the tuning fork is transmitted to the wire through the bridges in the sonometer. Hence the wire will vibrate with the same frequency as the tuning fork.      

The main duty of the Legislative Assembly is to make laws for the state. It can make law on the subjects mentioned in the state list and the concurrent list. However, during state emergency, it cannot exercise its legislative power.

1. The assembly has control over the State council of Ministers. The State council of ministers are responsible or answerable to the Assembly for its activities. The Assembly may pass a no confidence motion against the council of Ministers if it is not satisfied with the performance of the council of Ministers.

2. The legislative Assembly has control over the finances of the state. A money bill can be introduced only in the Assembly. The government cannot impose, increase, lower or withdraw any tax without the approval of the Assembly.

3. The elected members of the Legislative Assembly can take part in the election of the president of India and all members can take part in the election of the members of the Rajya Sabha from the state.

4. The Assembly also takes part in the amendment of the Constitution on certain matters.

5. So the government has three basic functions: making laws, executing laws and ensuring justice.

(c) i, iii & iv are correct

1. The candidate must be a citizen of India.

2. He/she must be 25 years and above. 

3. The candidate must be of sound mind.

4. He/she must be an elector for any constituency in the state he is representing from.

The members of the legislative council are elected for a term of 6 years.

One legislative constituency may have 1 lakh or even more people.

1. The members of the Legislative Council are elected indirectly.

2. One third of its members are elected by the local government bodies like the District Panchayat and Municipalities.

3. Another one third is elected by the members of the Legislative Assembly.

4. One twelfth is elected by the graduates of the constituency and another one twelfth by the teachers of secondary schools, colleges and universities.

5. One sixth of the members of the Legislative Council are nominated by the Governor of the State.

While appointing the Governor, the President acts as per the advice of the Union Cabinet. The State Government is also consulted when the appointment is to be made. Generally, a person is not appointed Governor in his own State.

The decisions taken by the Chief Minister and other ministers must be debated in the Legislative Assembly. It is because during debate it is discussed whether a particular decision is in interest of the people at large or net. It is also discussed whether it is urgent or not, how much would it cost the government, is there anything objectionable for any particular community, etc.

Reformation: The reformation is the movement to reform the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century, which led to the Protestant Church is set up.

Realism: Realism is a situation or the belief in which people recognize and accept the true nature of the situation.

1. As the blocks are at rest against the rigid walls, reaction of the partition = – (force applied on A) 

= 200 N towards left.

2. The action-reaction force between A & B are 200 N each.

3. when the wall is removed, the pushing force gives acceleration to the system. On taking the coefficient of friction into account,

200 – µ (m₁ + m₂) g = (m₁ + m₂) a

a = \(\frac{200-0.15(5+10)\times10}{5+10}\)

= 11.8 ms^-2

Let the force exerted by A on B be F_BA.On considering the equilibrium of the only block

A, 200 – fk₁ = m₁ a + F_BA

F_BA = 200 – µ m₁ g – m₁ a

= 200 – 7.5 – 59

= 133.5 N towards left.

(B) Vesalius

Let m₁ and m₂ be masses of the bodies A and B respectively. Then

m₁ = 5 kg, m₂ = 10 kg

The coefficient of friction between the bodies and the table,

μ = 0.15

Force applied on the system of the two bodies,

P = 200 N

(a) If F is the limiting friction, then

F = μ(m₁ + m₂) g

= 0.15 x (5 + 10) x 9.8 = 22.05 N

Therefore, net force exerted on the partition, when a force of 200 N is applied horizontally on A is given by

P' = P - F

= (200 - 22.05) N = 177.95 N (towards right)

Therefore, the reaction of the partition = 177.95 (towards left)

(b) Force of limiting friction on body A

F₁ = μm₁g = 0.15 x 5 x 9.8 = 7.35 N

Therefore, net force exerted by body A on B

P₁ = P - F₁

= (200 - 7.35) N = 192.65 N

Since action and reaction are equal and opposite, reaction of body B on A also 192.65 N

When the partition is removed: In such a situation, the two bodies move under the effect of force.

P' = 177.95 N

If a is acceleration produced in the motion of the system of two bodies. then

a = {P₁}/{M₁ + M₂} = {177.95}/{5 + 10} = 11.86 ms^-2

Therefore, force producing motion in the body A, is

m₁a = 5 x 11.86 = 59.3 N

Hence, force exerted by body A and B, when partition is removed

= P' - 59.3 = 192.65 - 59.3

= 133.35 N

Also, the reaction of the body B on A is also 133.35 N.

Members of church are called Clergy

This graph can be of a ball rebounding between two walls situated at position 0 cm and 2 cm. The ball is rebounding from one wall to another, time and again every 2 sec. with uniform velocity.

Here, velocity = {displacement}/{time}

= {2}/{100 x 2} = 0.01 ms^-1

Initial momentum = mu = 0.04 x 0.01 = 4 x 10^-4 kg ms^-1

Final momentum = mv = 0.04 x (-0.01)

= -4 x 10^-4 kg ms^-1

Magnitude of impulse = change in momentum

= (4 x 10^-4) - (-4 x 10^-4)

= 8 x 10^-4 kg ms^-1

Time between two consecutive impulses is 2 s, i.e., the ball receives an impulse every two seconds.

C) Priests are not necessary to establish relation with God.

The Church was criticised on the following grounds :

1. It dominated the religious and cultural life of people in medieval times. 

2. The Catholic priests of Roman Catholic Church began to lead a luxurious life and they were criticised for their rich and luxurious life. 

3. Erasmus criticised some of the beliefs of the Church, which he said, were based on superstitions. 

4. Church had become an institution marked by greed, extorting money at will from ordinary people. 

5. Sale of indulge certificates to free the buyer from the burden of sin, was also criticised.

(a) No reaction is available in empty space.

(b) Inertia of motion

(c) During pull, the effective weight is reduced due to the vertical component of the pull. In the case of push, the vertical component increases the effective weight.

(d) By increasing time, force is reduced.

• A new “humanist” culture had flowered in Italian towns. 
• It was characterised by a new belief-that man, as an individual was capable of making his own decisions and developing his skills. 
• Another important feature of humanist culture was a weakening of the control of religion over human life. 
• Humanists considered the acquisition of power and wealth as desirable and not something to be avoided. Humanist scholars began attacking the corruption of priests and questioning the need for a priesthood and its interpretation of Christianity. 
• The humanist members of the Church called on Christians to practise religion in the way laid down in the ancient texts of their religion, discarding unnecessary rituals.

(A) Europe, Libya, Asia

Yes, 1 agree with the given statement. The reasons are –

1. When European powers coionised the entire continents like North and South Americas, Africa, Australia and Asia they needed to know about the places, their climate, crops, mineral resources and about the people living there. 

2. They sent scientific expeditions consisting of map makers and others to explore the different parts of the world and prepare maps. 

3. These teams fought their way into interiors of continents crossing mountains, deserts and rivers, fighting local peoples to get the necessary information. , 

4. This information and the maps enabled the colonial powers to establish their rule over these areas and also exploit their resources.

The Greeks and after them the Romans were greatly interested in making maps and knowing about places near and far. They wanted to conquer the world, build colonies in far off places and trade with them. 

e.g : 

Alexander, the Greek king.

(B) Babylonians

Answer is (C) Greeks

Answer is (C) 4000

No, I do not think so. Any government has to maintain secrecy in access to maps. Otherwise, it helps the enemies. But at present satellite images reveal every place on the earth.

The sailors travelled widely and wrote down descriptions of the land and people and their histories they saw or heard about. They prepared maps based on these travels and descriptions. Though these maps have not survived, historians have tried to recreate them with the help of their descriptions.

1. Map showing hospitals 

2. Map showing laboratories 

3. Map showing scanning centres 

4. Map showing ill-health 

5. Map showing bus routes 

6. Map showing train routes and 

7. Map showing blood banks.

Indus-Saraswati civilization may have been destroyed but the continuous flow of many elements of this culture is still visible in our culture. 

We can understand this under the following points :

• The architecture of this civilization is seen in many buildings of modern India today. 
• Many modern cities are inspired by the city planning of Indus-Saraswati civilization. 
• In agriculture and animal husbandry, the people of the Indus-Saraswati civilization did many innovative experiments which later became a part of the Indian economy. 
• The jewellery used by the residents of this civilization can be seen in our social life. 
• The worship of shiva, shakti and nature are the contribution of Indus-Saraswati civilization. 
• Yoga is also a contribution of this civilization. Thus, we can say that various elements of Indus-Saraswati civilization still can be seen in our culture.

(B) Alexander

Answer is (C) Ptolemy

Answer is (B) Ptolemy

Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and air forces needed them. 

They use strategy maps to illustrate an organization’s vision, mission, overarching strategies and key goals and initiatives.

Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

Exploration: Travelling through an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it.

Julius Caesar was the General of Rome. He was a versatile and talented person. He was an excellent military commander, administrator, legislator, politician and capable.

In all respects: ‘The Julian Calendar’ modified by him is also relevant in the present time. He became very popular in the public by paying money for ‘food and sports’ for the people and paying for votes. He organized his own army and defeated the Gowl caste in an eight-year-long struggle and established Rome’s rule over whole Germany, England, etc. He suppressed all the opponents and established peace and order. Land revenue and other taxes were reduced in the provinces and ending the contractual practice of revenue collection. The task was entrusted to the government institutions. Thus, Julius Caesar performed many important works in Rome during his short reign.

The script of Indus-Saraswati civilization is still a mystery for scholars. So far, more than 100 claims have been submitted about this script, but the credibility of all of them is questionable. More than 2500 records are available in this civilization. The longest records contains 17 letters. They are written on seals. So far, about 419 pictures have been identified in this script. On the basis of a record of Kalibanga, it was concluded that this script was written from right to left side.

Answer is (A) Al idrisi

The map makers in the olden days were mostly depended on the books written by sailors. They were really patriots. They thought that their country was centre of the world and most important in the world. So they placed their own country in the middle of the map.

The main features of Indus-Saraswati civilization are the following : 

Town Planning: The construction of planned cities is a unique feature of the IndusSaraswati civilization, artifacts found from the cities of Indus-Saraswati civilization show that the people here used to make plans and build buildings and houses according to their cities. 

The main features of town planning are as follows :

(i) Town Planning Plan: As a result of the well-planned road system of the cities of Indus-Saraswati civilization, a system was created in the housing scheme of the cities and the city was divided into several sections and neighborhoods in a wellplanned form. The buildings were of different sizes and types. Generally the house was large enough and the open courtyard was kept in the middle of every house and the rooms were made around the courtyard. Fired bricks were used in building houses. 

(ii) Systematic Roads and Streets: The roads and link roads and lanes of the cities of Indus-Saraswati Civilization were built according to a certain plan. The roads of the cities are straight and intersect each other at right angles. The roads of this civilization were very wide. Their width range putting from 20 feet to 34 feet and trash boxes (dust bin) were kept on the corner of roads for putting garbage.

(iii) Drainage System: There were drains to carry out rain and dirty water of houses in Indus-Saraswati Civilization. The drains of each house fell through into the main drains of the street and into those beside the main roads. Drains made from fired bricks were mostly covered.

Management of cleanliness and neatness: Indus-Saraswati Civilization is the best symbol of urban cleanliness. There is a proper arrangement of cleanliness and neatness in the cities and towns houses. Day to day waste-disposal bins were kept everywhere on the streets for putting garbage.

Special Production: In the excavation of the cities of Indus-Saraswati Civilization, grains of various types, mansions and buildings have been found. Among them are the fortess of the upper city place of melting metal, the furnaces, the sacrificial aftar, the Great bath, the dockyard and the huge granary are in the fortess of the city. These relics are evidence of the advanced state and scientificity of this civilization.

Social life: The society of the Indus-Saraswati Civilization was divided into several classes. Here were the professional people they were goldsmiths, well-diggers, merchants, craftsmen, who made jewellery and beads. The people of fortress area may have been prosperous and there would have been ordinary people in the lower city. There was a specific class of priests and officials and royality. Family was the main unit of society. In this civilization, the plan for living apart in families are seen. Women had a respectable place in society and family.

Economic life: The excavations at Kalibangan gave the evidence of farming in the fields. It seems that the people of Indus-Saraswati Civilization used to cultivate the land to grow crops. These people used to grow wheat, rice, sesame, fruits, peas, mustard, cotton, etc. Cows, bulls, buffaloes and sheep were the main animals to be domesticated. There was an importance of cow dynasty. The residents here were skilled in making pottery and tools of copper and bronze, as well as in the art of making mattresses and mats. Making beads was a developed industry. ‘ Internal and foreign trade in the Indus-Saraswati Civilization was in a very developed stage. There is clear evidence of the business relationship with the people of Mesopotamia. In this civilization, the commodity exchange system for trade was in vogue.

Religious life: People of Indus-Saraswati Civilization were primarily worshippers of natural powers. They used to worship the earth, Peepal, Neem, water, sun, fire, etc. as divine powers. Based on the analysis of statues and tablets, it is evident that here superstitions, such as sacrifice and magic also prevailed. Fireplaces which were found from Lothal, Banavali and Rakhigarhi show that there should be prevalence of yagya and fire worship there. Incense was used for worship of idols. Along with the worship of Mother Goddess and Shiva, there is evidence of animal worship, tree worship and snake worship. The dead body was either burnt or burried.

Political life: We have no clear information about the political system of the IndusSaraswati Civilization. Wheeler and Right believe that the priesthood ruled in Harappa and Mohenjodaro, while some scholars believe that there was probably the rule of the merchant class.

Art: The Indus-Saraswati Civilization had made a lot of progress in the field of art. Attractive paintings are found on the excavated utensils. Pottery made of clay, sculptures, seals, stone, jewelery, etc. are examples of their excellent art. Script: People of Indus-Saraswati Civilization also invented the script. The number of pictorial symbols in this script was large. It appears that this script was written from right to left. This script has not been understood properly till now.

1) Magellan, Vasco-da-Gama and Bartholomeu Dias were the Portuguese explorers.

2) Marcopolo was an Italian explorer. He explored China and Asia.

3) Christopher Columbus discovered America

4) His lifespan of Magellan was 1480 – 1521. (41 years)

5) Ferdinand Magellan.

Egypt is a country irrigated by the Nile River in the northwest of the continent of Africa. This civilization was developed in the valley of Nile. Egypt’s civilization is very ancient. 

The description of the political, social, economic and religious life of ancient Egypt is presented under the following points:

(i) Political life of ancient Egypt: The unified credit of unifying the 40 small states of ancient Egypt goes to king Minaj. Minij made a political structure in 3400 BC in Egypt. The Egyptian governance system was completely religious (Theocratic). The rulers of Egypt were called ‘Pharaohs’. His power over the people was absolute. There was a council named ‘Saru’ to give advice to the pharaoh in administrative affairs. Egypt was divided into approximately 40 provinces for administrative convenience. The provinces were known as ‘Nome’. Diferent officers appointed by the pharaoh ruled the major cities of the Kingdom. Intelligence system was present for day to day information to the pharaoh. Ancient Egyptian society was mainly divided into three sections. The dynasty, the feudals the priests were included in upper class. In middle-class clerks, merchants.

Crafstmen, artisans, intellcatcuals and some independent farmers were present. Servants and slaves were in lower class. Labourers and slaves had no independent existence. Farmers had to pay 1/8th of their income in the form of a tax. Workers were forced to work for long hours. Slaves were treated like animals. Family was a unit of Egyptian society. In the family parents, brother-sister, son-daughter, etc. lived jointly and women had great respect. There was a great difference in the living condition of the people of upper classes and lower classes. The people used different types of food such as wheat, barley, rice, millets and various vegetables in their diet. They also ate meat and drank wine.

(ii) Economic life: The basis of the economic life of the Egyptian society was farming. They used to cultivate mainly wheat, barley, peas, mustard, fig, olives, dates, flax and grapefruit and many other fruits. Egypt was called the ancient world’s granary because crops were sown three times in a year. The plough of wood was dragged by oxen. The basis of the irrigation system was the Nile river. The network of ponds and canals was spread to collect and bring the rainwater into the fields. Animal husbandry along with agriculture was also a major means of livelihood. The main mode of transport and traffic in Egypt was the Nile river. Their trade links with Sudan, Mesopotamia, Arabia and India were very close. Here, people used to trade by barter. They used to export foodgrains, utensils, glass items, paper, furniture, etc. and used to import various types of paddy, wood, colour, spices, sandalwood and toilet items.

(iii) Religious life: The ancient Egyptians had the most prominent place of religion in their life. In their religious life, polytheism, humanization of the deities, the temples and the idols, the religious rituals of the priests, offering worship and sacrifice, the occult, the mantras, the superstitions, the worship of natural powers, the worship of trees and animals, the soul in the immortality of the universe, the primary principles of faith, rebirth and feelings of empowerent and duly completed rituals are visible. Eman-Ray (sun), Osiris (Son of sun) Sin (moon) and Osrim (Nile river) were the main gods of ancient Egyptians. Their gods were symbols of natural powers. The Egyptians believed that the soul resides after death in the body. So they used to put a special type of spice on the dead body. The dead body did not decay for hundreds of years with this. Huge tombs were made for the protection of dead bodies. These were known as pyramids. The dead bodies which were kept in pyramids were called ‘Mummies’.

1) Lakshadweep.

2) 1 cm = 200 kms.

3) Odisha, Andhra Pradesh.

4) Gujarat.

In present the archaeological sites of this civilization have been found in Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan provinces in Pakistan and from Jammu-Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra in India.

The list of these are following: Balochistan (Pakistan)-Sutkagendor, Sutkakoh, Bolokh.

Punjab (Pakistan) Harrappa, Jalalpur, Rehmandheri, Sarai Khola, Goneriwal, Sindh (Pakistan)-Mohanjodaro, Chanhudaro, Koatdizi, Judirjodaro; Punjab (India) Ropar, Kotla, Nihangkhan, Sanghol-Haryana (India)- Banawali, Mitathal, Rakhigarhi. Jammu-Kashmir (India) Manda (Jammu), Rajasthan (India), Kalibanga, Uttar Pradesh (India) Alamgirpur (Meerut), Hulas (Saharanpur). Guajrat (India)- Rangpur, Lothal, Prabhaspatan, Rozdi, Deshalpur, Surkotra, Malvan, Bhagat Rav, Dholaveera; Maharashtra-Dainabad (Ahmadnagar).

Thoughts of Laotse: The famous Chinese philosopher Laotse was born in 604 BC in a poor family in Hunan province of China. His original name was Lee. He assumed the title of Laotse ‘the ancient teacher’. He collected his ideas in the book Tao-TaChing. His ideology is called ‘Taoism’. 

The teachings and ideas of Laotse are the following.

1. The education of materialism increases the superstitions of the people. Physical knowledge is not a virtue. Humans should be naturalists. Nature should be the ultimate teacher. Simple living should be the code. 

2. Social freedom is possible only through rural cottage industries. 

3. There should be minimum government control for the advancement of the state. Ego increases arrogance, which leads to downfall. 

4. One should adopt friendly behavior even with the enemy. In exchange for harm, instead of revenge, there should be behavior of goodness rather than that of retaliation.

5. Fighting for the king was unnecessary. Innocent people were killed in wars. The life of peace was the proper path. 

6. Peace is the tao of development. Thoughts of Confucius: Famous philosopher Confucius was born in China’s ‘Lu’ province, in a traditional family in 551 BC. He introduced people to appropriate living as a Teacher due to his logical views.

The teachings and ideas of Confucius are the following :

• Education is the main means of building character. In schools, nothing should be taught about religion and history. Students must be taught literature, poetry, and science in higher educational institutions. 
• The teacher should have proper respect for the society. 
• We should respect our parents. 
• All should be treated with humble behavior. Respect of Guru, duties, and kindness to a friend are noble. Harsh speech, anger, jealousy, blasphemy should be discarded. 
• The king should be treated like a god. The tyrannical emperor should be removed from power by rebellion. State officials and employees ought to be compassionate, patient, fair, just and fearless and should not misuse the power of authority. 
• People must obey the law honestly. 
• The person who lives for others is a true human. 
• To became a virtuous, dutiful and selfless man, the five qualities must be compassion, knowledge, justice, truth and service.

Laotse was born in a poor family in Hunan district of China in 604 B.C.

• Harrappa 
• Mohanjodaro.

There was no separate class of judges in Egypt just like the army officers. Often civil (non-military) officers used to fulfil the duties of the judges. The Pharaoh could also be appealed in some cases. The penal legislation was very harsh in the Egyptian civilization. There was a provision of death penalty for rape, physical torture and some criminal offenses.