Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The correct answer is A) Sandy soil.

The correct answer is C) Clayey soil.

a. Telecommuting: Telecommuting is working from one’s home or some other remote location outside the company’s office. Telecommuting offers benefits to both employees and companies. For employees, telecommuting increases quality of life by enabling a meshing of personal and professional lives. The ability to work from home can assist workers with child/elder care issues, transportation restrictions, or employees who may be physically unable to report to work on a daily basis due to health-related issues (e.g., need for regular medical treatments such as dialysis or chemotherapy). Other economic benefits that companies can realize from telecommuting include productivity gains, reduced absenteeism, reduced employee turnover costs, reduced real estate costs, and reduced relocation costs to name a few.

b. Globalization: In the future, multinational companies (corporations operating in more than one country) may utilize telecommuting to attract local talent that can work effectively across international borders through electronic communication. Training such “home grown talent” can allow companies to reduce international relocation expenses, manage competition levels for talented resources, and reduce issues related to working in foreign countries such as personal safety, security, political, and regulatory issues.

Reducing globalization efforts through telecommuting can help to address some of the issues related to dealing with international workforces, such as language barriers, cultural relationship differences, and time zone differences that often lead to companies needing to maintain continuous operations known as “24/7”.

c. Outsourcing/Off-shoring: Outsourcing is defined as “turning over all or part of an organization’s information systems operation to outside contractors or service providers”. Outsourcing seems to be the wave of the future. Many companies are outsourcing parts of their operations in order to move parts of their businesses off site in order to focus on their core competencies and try to give them an advantage over their peers. One of the more popular departments which are outsourced is the Human Resources Department. This is because most companies aren’t focused on HR and their needs might be better served by an outside company. There are advantages and disadvantages to outsourcing this vital department.

Offshoring refers to outsourcing in another country. Conceptually, outsourcing and off-shoring can be viewed together, since both involve employing individuals outside of the organization to handle operational work

There are some major drawbacks to sending operations overseas, such as a loss of domestic talent, loss of intellectual assets, decreased levels of customer satisfaction resulting from diminished organizational values that do not translate across cultures, and threats to organizational performance

Advantages of Outsourcing

a) Cost Savings: The main benefit to outsourcing the HR department is the cost savings which will be associated with such a move. These cost savings can manifest themselves in several ways. Many times a company can get the same level of service for less cost. They can then use the savings to reinvest in their business. By doing this, they might be able to hire more people or operate more efficiently which might put them a step above their competitors.

b) Regaining Primary Focus: Outsourcing also allows a company to regain its primary focus. When there is an internal HR department, senior management may have to spend some time dealing with that department’s issues. This is time which might be better spent on whatever business the company is in. The company as a whole will begin to shift toward its primary business.

Disadvantages of Outsourcing

a) Employee Morale: There are some drawbacks to outsourcing, however. The biggest of these is the morale of the employees of the outsourcing company. “Outsourcing” is a loaded word which brings connotations of sending jobs overseas and the loss of income. If the employees aren’t behind the move to an offsite HR department, there may be less productivity from them. Any company considering moving the HR department off site should carefully gauge the attitude of the employees to get a feel for how this will affect them.

b) Loss of Expertise: Another disadvantage to this process is a loss of in-house expertise. When there is an in-house HR department, any questions related to labor laws or benefits can be answered quickly and sufficiently. If the HR is done off-site, it can cause a delay in knowing how to proceed in an employee issue, or worse, a manager may act in conflict with the law, opening the company up to bigger issues in the.

c) Issues with the Workplace of the Future: Security is the main issue facing companies with mobile workforces. Employees in the field, such as salespeople or telecommuters, have access to “mission critical” data and pose a significant threat to organizational systems security. There are numerous potential breaches of security related to mobile electronic devices such as PDAs and laptop computers that can be misplaced, stolen or damaged. The challenge facing IT departments is to protect sensitive company data, enable secure remote access, and provide user-friendly and productive electronic tools for its mobile workforce. IT departments must also implement an education process for training employees not to use unauthorized devices or install any unauthorized programs that might threaten the integrity of company data.

(b) Money spent on buying land, building, machines, etc.

The expanse of the central Gangetic plains is in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states.

The leather industry has grown in Kanpur. Due to this industry, Ganga gets more polluted in Kanpur.

The river Ganga enters plain into the first in Haridwar.

Trade barriers are restrictions imposed on foreign trade to control and regulate the trade in some or all commodities. It does not ensure free trading of commodities. Government may setup trade barriers to reduce the trade in some foreign commodities in the domestic market. Mostly trade barriers are set up to reduce the volume of imports to the country. Imports are the commodities and services that are brought for sale to the home country. Import taxes is an important form of trade barrier.

Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with the foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people. Information and Communication Technology (IT) is an important driving force for the success of globalisation.

Telecommunication facilities, especially the internet has significantly contributed to the success of globalisation. The development of services like e-banking has increased the pace in which transactions are carried out around the world. Today, the world is just a click away. IT has facilitated and improved communication, lowered the cost of transportation thus helping to transport goods to other countries cheaply and has ensured more co-operation among firms through increased networking. It has contributed to the development of advanced technology of production and their transmission throughout the world.

The development of financial and logistic services is the main carrier of an improved globalised world. The establishment of call centres and other allied services in other countries has also contributed to growth in service sector. Sophisticated technologies helps in instant communication throughout the world thus making globalisation a success story.

Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with the foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people. Flexibility in labour laws is an important impact of globalisation.

Government is providing many incentives for the MNCs to attract foreign companies. In the organised sector, the rights of the workers are protected. But MNCs are allowed to overlook many of these rules. One such incentive provided to the MNCs is flexibility in labour laws. According to this, the companies are allowed to hire workers for short periods of time when the pressure of work is more, rather than hiring them on a regular basis. This is a way to reduce the cost of production for the companies. With the increasing competition in the market, MNCs placing orders for their products in the domestic countries are forcing the domestic producers to employ workers on a temporary basis to reduce their cost of production. Thus, they need not pay them for the whole year and can employ additional workers only during the peak seasons of demand. Also, workers are made to work overtime, but they are paid less. This results in uncertainty in jobs.

Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with the foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people.

Globalisation has resulted in greater competition among the producers. Producers in the home countries compete with the foreign produces and products thus improving the quality of the goods and services produced. This has serious implications especially to the richer sections of people in the urban areas. This greater competition has resulted in the improved standards of the products produced at lower price. This increased quality of products at lower prices has raised their standard of living significantly.

MNCs are also investing immensely in sectors like automobiles, communications and others industries. This has improved the choices of buyers, thus increasing the welfare of the richer sections of the society in urban areas.

Multi-National Corporations are large companies established in a particular country and has offices, markets and produces and sells its products in many countries. They try to integrate and control the production across countries where close markets, low labour and high profits are earned. They control the market to maintain their economic and social power and their marketing network. MNCs generally link the production across countries by three methods. It can be explained as-

• Produce jointly with local companies- MNCs may set up their production jointly with some local companies of the home country. This benefits the local companies in two ways. MNCs provide them the monetary help they need by additional investment. They also provide them with the latest upgraded technology and equipment for production.

• Purchase local companies- This is the most common method through which MNCs expand their production. Because of the huge amount of wealth and assets they own, they can purchase the finest local companies. MNCs can purchase well-performing local companies and expand their production taking advantage of the local company’s reputation and name.

E.g. - An American MNC Cargill Foods had purchased an Indian company Parakh Foods that had a large marketing network and high reputation. Thus, Cargill Foods can expand its production.

• Place orders for products locally- MNCs may use this method to control the local production. MNCs may place orders for their commodities with the local producers of developing countries. This will reduce their cost of production and also reduce the risk of local competition. MNCs sell these products under their own brand name. MNCs have the authority to determine the price, quality, labour conditions and delivery of these products. It is commonly found in the garments, footwear and sports industries.

Foreign trade or international trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is an important component of the economy. The basic function of international trade is the integration of the markets in different countries. It will give lot of opportunities and openings for the domestic producers and consumers to reach out beyond the domestic market. Producers can sell their commodities to buyers from around the world. Consumers also have the choice to select commodities produced beyond the domestic markets. The prices tend to be equal in both the markets gradually. Thus, foreign trade widens the markets for both produces and consumers and helps in connecting the markets world-wide.

Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with the foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people. 

Some of the challenges posed by globalisation are:

• Challenges to small traders: Because of the growing competition from the MNCs, small companies who are unable to withstand the increased competition are shutting down their companies. The unchecked imports of the goods without any restrictions and the aggressive advertising strategies taken by the MNCs has resulted in the closure of many small, domestic industries leading to large unemployment.
• Uncertain jobs: Globalisation has resulted in jobless growth. Government has allowed flexibility of labour to attract foreign investment. With the increasing competition in the market, MNCs placing orders for their products in the domestic countries are forcing the domestic producers to employ workers on a temporary basis to reduce their cost of production. Thus, they need not pay them for the whole year and can employ additional workers only during the peak seasons of demand. This results in uncertainty in jobs.
• Inequality: Globalisation has resulted in rising inequalities in income and wealth distribution. This has resulted in a rural – urban divide where many of the poor are excluded from the advantages and benefits of globalisation. Because of the strong demand for various essential goods due to increased competition, many poorer sections are adversely affected. This increases the income inequality between the rich and the poor.

Multi-National Corporations are large companies established in a particular country and has offices, markets and produces and sells its products in many countries.

There are many aspects that MNCs consider while starting a production unit in a foreign country. Some of these conditions are:

• Closeness to market: An important factor that MNCs consider before establishing their production centres is the proximity to market. They must be able to sell the commodities produced in the market without any difficulties, especially in the case of perishable commodities. They must have easy access to markets and consumers for effectively selling their products.
• Low cost of labour: MNCs will establish their production centres in places where the cost of labour is less. They must have the economic situation in which they are able to recruit both highly skilled works and unskilled workers at a lower wage rate. This forces MNCs to establish their production units in developing countries where people are ready to work at lower wage rates.
• Availability of factors of production: MNCs will establish their production units in places where other factors of production are easily available. Availability of raw materials for production is a very crucial concern. MNCs generally set up their production units close to raw material hubs if they are heavy and bulky. Transportation facility is also an important factor for easy access to markets and raw material hubs. It is the mode by which production centres and consumers are connected. They must also consider the availability of land resources, power and the development of capital markets for raising funds.
• Government policies: MNCs establish their production units in places where the government policies are favourable. If strict legislations and huge taxes are being imposed by the government, MNCs will be reluctant to establish their production centres. Generally, the governments will offer them incentives for attracting foreign capital and investment.

World Trade Organisation is an important international organisation that looks after the liberalisation of foreign trade. It was established in 1995 for the regulation of foreign trade and ensure free trade practices. It is the largest international organisation in the world. Currently WTO has 164 member states. Afghanistan was the last country to become its member on 29 July 2016.

Foreign trade or international trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries. It is an important component of the economy. International trade can be stated as the measure of any country’s economic wealth.

International trade helps in the integration of the markets in different countries. It gives a lot of opportunities and openings for the domestic producers and consumers to reach out beyond the domestic market. Producers can sell their commodities to buyers from around the wold. Consumers also have the choice to select commodities produced beyond the domestic markets. The prices tend to be equal in both the markets gradually. Thus, foreign trade widens the markets for both produces and consumers and helps in connecting the markets world-wide.

International trade improves the quality of the commodities produced in the home country. With the increasing foreign competition, producers of the home country would be forced to improve the production techniques and adopt advanced technologies for production. This will help in the production of more sophisticated commodities in the home market.

International trade also brings in significant foreign exchange earnings through exports. Exports are the commodities produced in the home countries that are sold in foreign markets. This will bring in foreign earnings to the country and will improve the economic position of the home country. Improved trade will also result in higher foreign investment in the home country.

Thus, international trade can be rightly considered as an ‘engine of growth’.

Globalisation is the interconnection between counties through the expansion of foreign trade and foreign investment. It is the process of integrating the home country with the foreign countries through the movement of goods, services, investment, technology and people. Globalisation is the driving force of the 21th century.

Globalisation became a success only because of liberalisation of the economy. Liberalisation is the removal of all the barriers and restrictions set by the government. Government uses barriers to decide on the quantity of imports and exports in the economy. But the barriers restricted the flow of investment and commodities to the domestic market. The removal of these barriers has resulted in the inflow of huge investment and the establishment of many new companies by MNCs. It has expanded the markets and widened the choice of consumes. Integrating the home economy with foreign economies on the one hand, but imposing many restrictions on MNCs on the other would have only restrictive impacts on the economy.

Thus, globalisation would have been an utter failure if the economy was restricted and controlled by many rules and regulations. Liberalisation of both trade and investment has thus enabled globalisation.

Cargill Food creates and maintains connections across the global food system with the motto ‘to help the world thrive’. They are the world’s one of the leading traders of grains and oilseeds including wheat, corn, barley, pulses, vegetable oil and animal nutrition products. Besides this, they also have global market for edible oils, fats and flours under many brands like Nature Fresh, Leonardo Olive Oil, Rath and Sunflower and many more.

Multi-National Corporations functioning in India are large companies established in a particular country and has offices, markets and produces and sells its products in many countries. Its origin can be in any country, but may have their agencies in all the countries.

E.g. - Microsoft (U.S), Nestle (Switzerland)

Indian MNCs are those companies that have both their headquarters and origin in India. They are Indian companies that have their market globally.

E.g. – Infosys, Aditya Birla group

• Larsen and Toubro (L&T)
• Aditya Birla group
• Infosys

Multi-National Corporations are large companies established in a particular country and has offices, markets and produces and sells its products in many countries. Indian MNCs are those companies that have their headquarters and origin in India. They are Indian companies that have their markets globally.

The ecosystem of river Ganges is divided into four parts – mountainous ecosystem, plain region ecosystem, middle Ganges plains and lower Ganges plain ecosystem.

In aquatic ecosystem, ponds, lakes, swamps, rivers, delta and oceans are included.

The area from Bithoor to Kanpur is the most polluted area of Ganga river.

US Company Cargill Foods has taken over a small Indian company- Parakh Foods.

One of the important ways through which MNCs expand their production is by taking over the well-performing local companies and using their name and reputation. In this case, Cargill Foods purchased Parakh Foods that had a very good reputation and marketing network. This would give Cargill Foods the advantage of their status.

Many dams and barrages built on the river Ganges are an important part of Indian life and economy. The most prominent of these are the Farakka Barrage (2240 meters long, inaugurated on 21 April 1975) on the Indo – Bangladesh border. This was made to provide irrigation, fishery, water in Hooghly (in summer season) and to protect the port of Kolkata port from silt.

Similarly, ‘Tihri Dam’ on Bhagirathi river has been built for supply water to multipurpose projects. Its height is 261 meters. This provides generation of hydroelectricity 2040 MW power and irrigation to 270000 hectare area and a daily supply of 102.20 crore litres of drinking water to Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. The third largest dam is the ‘Bhimgoda Dam’ located in Haridwar, which was built by the British in 1940.

Water of this dam is used for irrigation, fisheries, provision of drinking water. Apart from these, many barrages have been built near the Nepal border on the Sharda, Kosi and Gandak rivers. These are used for power generation, irrigation and drinking water purposes. These dams have many advantages but there is a huge problem of silt deposition in this area, due to which ‘Farakka Barrage’ is the most affected.

The mountainous ecosystem of river Ganges is mainly found in the North Indian state of Uttarakhand. This region is spread in Uttar Pradesh also. Ganga is the national and most sacred river of India. The river Ganga originates in the form of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda. The average height of this river’s origin is 3140 meters above sea level.

The main branch of river Ganga is Bhagirathi, which originates from the Gangotri glacier from the place called Gomukh of Garhwal Himalayas. It originates from the mouth of a small cave. The river’s water source is a basin located at 5000 meters height. There is an important contribution many small tributaries in taking shape of river Ganges.

The confluence of several water bodies at Dev Prayag gives form to Ganga River. Ganga river enters the plain of Haridwar for the first time, after travelling a narrow hill path of about 200 kms.- Before this, the river produces deep valleys, while making several turns. On both sides, large rocks, boulders, pebbles and sand are deposited in heavy quantities. The slopes on both sides are very steep.

The Ganges River is a river of India with a vast drainage area. 

The entire ecosystem of this river is divided mainly into the following parts – 

1.mountainous region, 

2. plain areas, 

3. central Ganga plain, 

4. lower Ganga plain.

Mountainous region: Ganga is considered to be the national and most sacred river of India. Over the centuries, the Aryans residents of India have been residing here. Ganga river has nurtured the incarnations of Rama, Krishna, Gautam, Mahavir, Nanak, etc. in its vicinity. Therefore, this holy river paves the way to heaven.

The river Ganga starts in the form of Bhagirathi and Alaknanda. The average height of this river’s origin is 3140 meters above sea level. The main branch of river Ganga is Bhagirathi, which originates from the Gangotri glacier from a place called Gomukh of Garhwal Himalaya. It originates from the mouth of a small cave.

The river’s water source is a basin located at a height of 5000 meters. Many small tributaries have extended significant contribution in giving shape to river Ganga. The confluence of several water bodies in Dev Prayag has given form to the Ganga River. Ganga river enters the plain of Haridwar for the first time, after travelling a narrow hill path of about 200 kms.

Before this the river produces deep valleys, while taking many turns.More than 600 metre-deep valleys are found in many places.On both sides, large rocks, boulders, pebbles and sand are deposited in heavy quantities. The slopes on both sides are very steep.

Plain areas: Bio – diversity and cultural – spiritual aspects of this area are very important. Fisheries of ‘MaKaseer’ species are found in this area and the area around Shivpuri has rich bio-diversity. The sand mounds, flood plains and ox-bow lakes are built in the Garhmukteshwar area. In these areas, dolphins, alligators and turtles are found. This is called ‘Ramsar’.

On reaching Farrukhabad, debris increases in the Ganga river. The nature of flood plains becomes very wide. In these areas, agricultural, fishery, animal husbandry and number of human population and habitat increases. On the river banks, religious rituals like bathing and cremation are done. This leads to increased pollution in the river. The number of birds of various species, insect mites, creeping organisms are found to be more.

Central Ganga plain: Central Ganga plain covers the areas of Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar State. These are populated areas of human settlement. The main occupations of the residents are agriculture, animal husbandry, fishery and cottage industries based on them. In this area, there are major tributaries of Ghaghra, Gandak, Kosi and Son, etc.

Here, the speed of the Ganga lessens and pollution is greatly increased by the mixing of sand, mud, garbage, stool – urine, chemicals, etc. In these areas, the land formation of the meander, alluvial soil plains, ox – bow, etc. also takes place. Due to high pollution, the river’s water becomes unsuitable for bathing and drinking. During floods, there is a loss of excessive public life and property in Bihar.

Dolphins, turtles, crocodiles, alligators, fish, etc. are the main creatures found in the rivers in this area. Vikram Shila Dolphin Sanctuary in Bihar has been set up in 50 km. area in Bhagalpur district. In this order, dolphin has been declared a national aquatic creature of India. It is called the tiger of fresh water. Dense forests are also found in this area. They are full of wildlife.

Lower Ganges plains: This part of Ganga is spread from Kishanganj (Purnea – Bihar) to entire West Bengal (excluding high mountainous areas) and within Bangladesh. In this area, the river Ganga and its tributaries get divided into innumerable small streams. Delta region offers an incomparable view due to the presence of very mild slopes and Alluvial soil.

The total area of this Delta part is 60000 square km, whose forests are known as Sunderbans. This is a protected area in both India and Bangladesh.lt is one of the leading areas of the world in terms of bio – diversity. Here, mangrove and tidal vegetation is found. Due to the large number of ‘Sundari Tree’ species found here, this forest has been named ‘Sunderbans’.

The main feature of the ecosystem here is that the flora and fauna can survive in the mixture of fresh and saline water. This world’s largest Delta is continuously expanding towards the ocean. World famous Royal Bengal tigers are found in these forests. Apart from this, all types of carnivorous and herbivorous animal, birds, etc. are found in the Sunderbans.

At the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati rivers in Prayag (Allahabad), Mahakumbh festival is organised after every 12 years, in which millions of tourists from India and abroad come. It is the biggest encampment of the human community on the earth, filled with devotion and faith. This has spiritual and religious significance.

According to legends, nectar drops had fallen during ‘Sagar Manthan’ at this place. This fair is organised in special astronomical conditions. “Poorna Kumbh”takes place in 144 years. According to belief, bathing at this Mahakumbh fair gives freedom from all the sins. In 2013-14, Harvard University of the United States had included Mahakumbh fair for its study and research in its courses. The arrangements of this fair have been praised to be extremely well-organised. The next Mahakumbh Will be held in 2025.

The ecosystem is a specific biotic and abiotic identity landscape. Ecosystem can be terrestrial and aquatic. Through these ecosystems, the key conditions of life on earth are visible. The biotic and abiotic components of each ecosystem have a deep mutual inter – relationship. In the terrestrial ecosystems, forest, grassland, desert, mountain, island, etc., and in aquatic ecosystems, ponds, lakes, swamps, rivers, delta and oceans are included. Some basic elements are present in each ecosystem. For example, natural structure of ecosystem, its system of functioning, use, degradation of ecosystem and rejuvenation and protection are given prominence.

Components of ecosystem include biotic and abiotic components. In each ecosystem, the nature, structure, functioning, degradation and depletion of ecosystems is involved.

Ecosystem is a landmark of a specific biotic and abiotic identity. Ecosystems present the major conditions of life on the earth. The biotic and abiotic components of each ecosystem have a deep mutual inter – relationship. Fresh or soft water is obtained from aquatic ecosystem. All the world’s civilizations have originated in the areas of aquatic ecosystem. Through aquatic ecosystem, human beings receive biotic and abiotic resources.

Farakka Barrage is built on the Indo – Bangladesh border, which is 2240 meters in length.

Earlier, trade and transport were restricted only to certain areas. The two factors were responsible for the expansion of trade and transport are- 

• Trade and commerce expanded due to the development of science and technology.
• The development of the communication system also led to the expansion of trade and transport. With the efficient transport system, the world has now become a large village and transport system developed due to the proper communication system.

Trade, transport and communication are dependent on each other.

Border roads are those roads which are in the bordering areas of the country. The aim is to provide security as this road could be used to carry arms and army. The border roads are helpful in the economic development of the far off areas of the country due to the following reasons – 

• The Border Roads Organisation was established in 1960, constructs and maintains roads in the bordering areas of the country. 
• It is a government of India undertaking which is created to construct roads of strategic importance in the northern and northeastern borders.
• These roads provide easy access to the areas of difficult terrain. This led to the economic development of the far off areas of the country.

National Highways connects extreme parts of the country. Central Public Works Department (CPWD) laid down the primary road systems and also maintains it. Many major national highways run in North-South and East-West directions. The National Highway No 7 is considered to be the longest and the two end cities it joins are the Varanasi and Kanyakumari via Jabalpur, Nagpur, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Madurai which is about 2,369 km.

Central Public Works Department (CPWD) laid down the primary road systems and also maintains it. National Highways connects extreme parts of the country. Many major national highways run in North-South and East-West directions. For example – Sher Shah Suri Marg is the National Highway No. 1 between Delhi and Amritsar.

The Railways in India is an important mode of transportation for passengers as well for freight in India. It makes activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods to other places easier. It has been more than 150 years that Indian Railways have served us. Railways help for the economic, agricultural and industrial development of the country. The Indian railways have network 7,031 stations. The various factors that cause heavy damage to the railways are as follows: 

• It is difficult to build railways in the hilly terrains of the peninsular regions. Through low hills, gaps or tunnels, the railway tracts are laid down. 
• Due to high relief, scattered population and lack of economic opportunities, it poses a problem to construct railways in the Himalayan Mountainous region. These factors cause heavy damage to the railways. 
• It becomes difficult to construct the railway tracts on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, forested tracts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and Jharkhand. 
• People travel in train without tickets which is a problem for the railways. 
• Railway properties are damaged by the people and theft is a common problem. 
• Also, people pull the chain and try to stop the train unnecessarily. 
• All thus causes heavy damage to the railways.

Refinery is a place where raw materials are converted into the valuable substance by removing all the impurities like crude oil is converted into gasoline or petroleum products at the oil refinery. 

• Uttar Pradesh – Mathura refinery, Indian Oil Corporation Limited. Located in Mathura, Uttar Pradesh is the sixth refinery of Indian Oil. It processes low sulphur crude from Bombay High and high sulphur crude from the Middle East. It also imported low sulphur crude from Nigeria. 
• Bihar – Barauni refinery, Indian Oil Corporation Limited. It was built in collaboration with the Soviet Union in the Bihar state of India. 
• Haryana – Panipat Refinery, Indian Oil Corporation Limited. It was set up in 1998 in the Baholi village of Panipat, Haryana. It is South East Asia’s largest integrated petrochemicals plants.

The Railways in India is an important mode of transportation for passengers as well for freight in India. It makes activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, and transportation of goods to other places easier. It has been more than 150 years that Indian Railways have served us. Railways help for the economic, agricultural and industrial development of the country. The Indian railways have network 7,031 stations. 

The factors responsible for the dense networks of railways in the Gangetic plains are as follows- 

• The northern plains of India are appropriate for the growth of the railways as these areas have vast areas for the construction of the railways. 
• It has a high population density. 
• Plenty of agricultural resources are available. 

However, bridges have to be constructed due to a large number of rivers in such areas. These are constructed across the wide beds which posed as the drawback.

There are different types of roads such as National Highways, State Highways, Golden Quadrilateral, Super Highways, District Roads, Border Roads and Other Roads. These other roads are rural roads which connect rural areas and villages with towns. 

• The Pradhan Mantri Grameen SadakYojna is the driving force behind the maintenance of these roads. 
• This Yojna is important because it provides such provisions so that every village in the country is connected to the town in the country. 
• It should also have all season motorable roads. 
• Their aim is to provide good weather road connectivity to unconnected villages.

State highways are those roads which connect state capital with different district headquarters. State Public Works Department (PWD) constructs and maintains the state Highways in both state and Union territories. They are responsible to do all the public works including day to day maintenance of the infrastructure of the city. They plan, design, construct and maintain all the public works.

Answer is (B) Seaport

(D) They carry more people so that using individual vehicles reduce leading to less pollution

(D) Portugal

Answer is (A) Airport

The language, culture and religion of minorities need protection otherwise they may get neglected or undermined under the impact of the language, culture and religion of the majority. All minorities have the right to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.

संविधान के 69वें संशोधन अधिनियम, 1991 ई० के अनुसार दिल्ली की विधानसभा में सदस्यों की संख्या 70 है तथा वहाँ के मुख्यमन्त्री की नियुक्ति राष्ट्रपति करते हैं।

वर्ष 1911 ई० में देश की राजधानी को कोलकाता से दिल्ली स्थानान्तरित किया गया। वर्ष 1956 ई० में इसे केन्द्र-शासित राज्य का स्तर प्राप्त हुआ। 69वें संविधान संशोधन अधिनियम (1991) के फलस्वरूप दिल्ली में विधानसभा का गठन किया गया। इस राज्य के लिए कुछ विशेष विधेयकों को पारित करने के लिए केन्द्र से अग्रिम स्वीकृति लेना अनिवार्य होता है। राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र दिल्ली की विधानसभा द्वारा पारित कुछ विधेयकों को राष्ट्रपति द्वारा विचार करने तथा स्वीकृति के निमित्त रोक लिया जाता है।
दिल्ली को केन्द्र-शासित प्रदेशों के समान संविधान की सातवीं अनुसूची को सूची II और III में निहित मामलों में कानून बनाने का अधिकार है लेकिन वह संविधान की अनुसूची II की प्रविष्टि 1 (सार्वजनिक सुरक्षा), 2 (पुलिस बल), और 18 ( भूमि, कृषि क्षेत्र तथा नई बस्तियाँ) पर कानून नहीं बना सकती है। अनेक क्षेत्रों में राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र दिल्ली पर केन्द्रीय गृह मन्त्रालय के आन्तरिक सुरक्षा विभाग तथा गृह विभाग का सीधा हस्तक्षेप होता है। इस प्रकार दिल्ली की स्थिति राज्यों के प्रशासनिक ढाँचे से सर्वथा अलग प्रकार की है जो भारत के अन्य किसी राज्य में परिलक्षित नहीं होती है।