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The protected zone which is established through the coordination of the State and the Central Government. There is complete ban on animal grazing in it. It possesses more than one eco-system. It is called National Park, e.g. Kaziranga, Dachigam, etc.

• During the period of Aurangzeb, the royal patronage of the art of painting was withdrawn. 
• Aurangzeb was a fanatic ruler. Under Aurangzeb’s rule, art declined, since he had banned all art forms. 
• The artists were forced to seek patronage elsewhere under various rulers in Rajasthan, Bundelkhand, Gujarat, and the provinces of the Himalayan ranges.
• New local styles of paintings emerged there.

Agriculture based cottage industries are: 

1. Bee – wax industry, 

2. Jaggery and raw sugar industry.

Cotton textile is the traditional industry of Rajasthan. Most of rural population is engaged in this industry. The first cotton textile mill in Rajasthan is “The Krishna Mills Limited”, which was set up in Beawar in 1889 by Seth Damodar Das Vyas in the private sector. After this, many cotton texitile mills were established. The largest cotton textile mill in Rajasthan is Maharaja Ummed Singh Mills, Pali.

Leading Cotton Textiles Mills in Rajasthan: Most of cotton textile mills of Rajasthan are set up in Kishanganj. Vijaynagar, Gulabpura, Jaipur, Bhawani Mandi, Kota, Udaipur, Bhilwara, etc. regions. With cotton textile point of view, Bhilwara is called the Manchester of Rajasthan. It is also famous as cotton textile city. 

Important cotton textile mills in Rajasthan are:

1. Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mills Gulabpura (Bhilwara). 

2. Shardul Textiles Limited, Sriganganagar.

3. Krishna Mills Limited, Beawar (Ajmer) 

4. Shri Mahalaxmi Mills, Beawar (Ajmer) 

5. Edward Mills, Beawar (Ajmer) 

6. Aditya Mills Limited, Kishanganj (Ajmer) 

7. Mewar Textile Mills, Bhilwara 

8. Maharaja Ummed Singh Mills, Pali. 

9. Rajasthan Textiles Mills, Bhawani Mandi 

10.Rajasthan Co – operative Mills, Gulabpura 

11.Vijaynagar Cotton Mills, Vijaynagar 

12.Banswara Syntex, Banswara 

13.Mayur Mills Limited, Banswara. 

14.Rajasthan Spinning and Weaving Mills Limited, Rishabhdev, etc.

In Rajasthan, most of textiles mills were set up with the help of “The Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Limited”. At present, there are 28 textiles mills in Rajasthan.

The problems of cotton textile industry in Rajasthan: Although, a frequent increase in the number of cotton textile mills can be seen everywhere in Rajasthan, yet, 

the industry has been facing several problems here such as:

1. Problem of proper supply of raw material. 

2. Dry climate. 

3. Irregular and inadequate supply of power. 

4. Old and small sized machinery. 

5. Lack of Capital. 

6. Shortage of skilled labour. 

7. Lack of means of transportation and communication.

The cloth produced in Rajasthan is not only supplied in the country but also exported to Nepal, Bangladesh, and several African countries.

The first cotton textile industry was set up in the city of Beawar, district in Ajmer.

Three cotton textiles mills set up in Beawar in Rajasthan are:

1. The Krishna Mills Limited, 1889. 

2. Edward Mills Limited, 1906. 3. Shri Mahalaxmi Mills Limited, 1925.

(d) Bidi industry

(c) Bhilwara

Correct Answer is : (d) Dholpur

• During the Mughal period, excellent literature was created in the Persian language. Babur himself knew Persian and Turkish languages. 
• His autobiography known as ‘Baburnama’ is well known. 
• Another important text is ‘Tarikh-iRashidi’ by Mirza Hyder written during the period of Humayun. 
• Akbar got many Sanskrit texts translated in Persian which includes ‘Rajatarangini’, ‘Lilavati’, ‘Ramayana’, ‘Mahabharata’, ‘Harivamsh’ and ‘Panchatantra’. Abul Fazal wrote the famous ‘Akbarnama’ and ‘Ain-i- Akbari’. 
• Dara Shukoh, the son of Shahjahan, was a Sanskrit scholar. He translated the text of several Upanishads texts in the Persian language from Sanskrit.
• During the Mughal period, a number of biographical, historical texts were written. Among them Khafi Khan’s ‘Tarikhi- Khafikhan’ is well-known. 
• During the Mughal period, a number of literary works of high quality were created in local north Indian dialects. To mention a few, ‘Ramacharitamanas’ written by Goswami Tulsidas, the compositions of Surdas and Meerabai, Padmavat composed by Malik Muhammad Jaysi, dohas of Saint Kabir.

Jantar-Mantar of Jaipur – 

1. To the east of Chandra Mahal of Jaipur is Jantar-Mantar (observatory) got built by Raja Swai Jai Singh. 

2. He also discovered three apparatus known as Samrat Jantara, Jai Prakash Jantara and Rama Jantara. The Samrat Jantara is the biggest and the tallest of all. It indicates accurate time and forecasts weather. 

3. This Jantar-mantar has been listed in the World heritage site of UNESCO. Thus it has become the first heritage monument of Jaipur and 28th of the country.

(b)  Umed Mahal

Two forts with same name: 

1. Taragarh fort, Ajmer and 

2. Taragarh fort, Bundi

Features of the Chhatrians of Rajasthan:

1. Memorial of Rajasthan raised in the memory of Rajas, merchants saints and the brave men remind the people not only of the sculptural and historical significance of the state. They have rather, become the rich heritage of Rajasthan. 

2. Some of specimen of the contemporary history, art and archaeology are Jaipur gatore, Jaswant Jhada Jodhpur, Chhatravilas Kota, Bada Bagh Jaisalmer, Mussi Rani Chhatri Alwar, Rao Kalyanmal Chhatri Bikaner, Gopalsingh Chhatri Karauli, Charausi Khambhas Chhatri of Bundi, Sethon-Ki-Chhatri of Ramgarh, Paliwals and Rajas Chhatris of Jaisalmer. 

3. The chhatris of Rajas, merchants and great men have ordinary footprints. 

4. The Chhatris of Shawas and Nathas have the symbols of Shivalinga and footwears with wooden soles. 

5. On the Nathas’ graves in Jalore, there stands a symbol of parrot.

Two forms of the Rajasthani literature are: 

1. Prose literature. 

2. Verse literature.

• The architectural style during the Sultanate period had great implements on strength and simplicity. 
• But during the Mughal period, the focus shifted to aesthetics. 
• During the period of Babur, the Kabulbag mosque at Panipat and Jama Masjid at Sambhal in Uttar Pradesh were built in Persian style. 
• The memorial built during the period of Shershah Sur at Sahastram (Bihar) is an excellent example of the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. 
• The Purana Qila was built by Shershah in Delhi. The city of  Fatehpur Sikri was set up during Akbar’s period.
• Later the buildings like Jama Masjid, Buland Darwaza were built in FatehpurSikri. 
• Akbar built important forts like Agra fort, Lahore fort, Allahabad fort, and Attock fort. 
• The use of Red stone and marble, huge domes, arches were the salient features of the architecture of this period. 
• The period of Shahjahan was the most glorious period of Mughal architecture. 
• ‘Diwan-i-Aam’ and ‘Diwan-i-Khaas’ in Red fort, ‘Jama masjid’, ‘Moti Masjid’, were built during his period. 
• The ‘Taj Mahal’ of Agra built by him is incomparable and immortal.
• Later, Mughal architecture began to decline.

The ‘Kashtha’ palace was got built by Raja Rajendra Singh in 1936.

• Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur.
• This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system. 
• He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey.
• The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land. 
• Individual land holdings of farmers were registered. 
• An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and onethird of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid. 
• The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years.
• Documents are known as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate. The tax was collected in cash or in kind.

(d) Cement industry

An industry whose labour force consists of family units or individuals working at home with their hands or their own simple equipment is called cottage industry. It may include many poducers working from their homes, typically part time.

Classification of Cottage Industry: 

On the basis of raw-materials used, cottage industries are classified as:

1. Agriculture – based cottage industries: Handicraft, jaggery, raw – sugar, dye making, printing, carpet making, oil – mill etc. 

2. Minerals – based cottage industries: Marble, gold, silver – ornaments making (gold smith), making of knives and seissors and making metallic wires. 

3. Livestock – based cottage industries: Shoe – making, leather bag-making, bone – grinding, woolen cloth making, making ivory goods, etc. 

4. Forest – products based cottage industries: Catechu, bidi, sealing – wax, wax, gum, paper, bamboo baskets, making wooden toys, etc.

Leading cottage industries in the state are:

1. Oil and Vegetable Ghee Industry: Due to plentiful production of oil seeds, the industry of oil and vanaspati ghee has developed in the districts of Jaipur, Bharatpur, Sawai Madhopur, Sriganganagar, Kota, Bundi and Ajmer. The Engine brand mustard oil of Bharatpur and Veer Balakmark oil of Jaipur have good name and fame in the country and abroad. The famous centres of vegetable ghee production are Jaipur, Niwai, Bhilwara and Chittorgarh. 

2. Binding, Printing and Coloring Industry: With the help of wood – cut dyes, and using natural and chemical colours, the work of printing and colouring is mainly in the districts of Barmer, Balotra, Bagru, Sanganer, Akola, Sawai Madhopur, Nathdwara, Pali, Pipar and Udaipur. Ajrakh Print of Barmer and Printing of Chittorgarh is quite famous. The Bandhej work in Jodhpur and Lahanga Orhni work in Jaipur is done at large scale. 

3. Khadi Industry: The khadi – based cottage industry is operating at large in the districts of Jaipur, Kota, Dausa, Bharatpur. Khadi Rural Industry Board is doing its best to promote the khadi industry in the state. 

4. Animal – based Industry: Leather industry, woollen textile industry, dairy-product based industry, bone – powder industry are included under it. Woollen textile is the leading animal-based industry. Mills in which woollen thread is manufactured are situated in Bikaner, Churu, Ladnu, and Kota.

In woollen Khadi, Bardi (Jacket) of Jaisalmer, woollen blankets of Bikaner and khes (bed – sheets) of Chaumu are very famous. Mojri (country made shoes) and Jutiyan made of leather are manufactured in Nagaur, Sirohi, Bhinmal, Tonk, Jodhpur and Jaipur.

5. Forest products – based Industry: Under this industry, Bidi, Match – box, bamboo, catechu, gum, sealing wax, honey wax and paper are included. Bidi industry is being operated in Tonk, Bhilwara, Ajmer, and Beawar. Matchboxes are made in Ajmer and Alwar, Bamboo-based goods are made in Jaipur and Ajmer. Sealing wax is produced in Kota, Bundi, Jhalawar, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh. Ghosunda and Sanganer are famous for paper industry.

6. Mineral – based Industry: More then 9000 units of mineral – based industry are registered in Rajasthan. Under this industry, manufacturing of marble tiles, manufacturing of clay items, manufacturing of cement – net, sanitaryware, etc are included. In Jaipur, Sirohi, Jaisalmer, Makrana, Kishangarh, Ajmer and Jaisamand, toys and statues are made of marble.

7. Handloom Industry: Handloom industry is very important in the state. Woollen shawls, Kota’s laces, sarees, khes (bedsheets), carpets, niwar are manufactured in several districts of Rajasthan. Besides this, artificial silk is also made in Kota, Udaipur, Banswara, etc. State government is also trying to promote the industry of artificial silk.

The Jaipur Hawa Mahal has been named so because it is fitted with many small sized windows for the air to pass through.

(a) Land Survey: 

Akbar made further reforms in the revenue system implemented by Shershah Sur. This bought a certain discipline in the Mughal revenue system.

He graded the cultivable land based on the systematic land survey. The land was classified into four types on the basis of annual yield, i.e. fertile (supik), infertile (napik), irrigated (bagayat), and dry crop (jirayat) land.

(b) Rate of Tax:

Individual land holdings of farmers were registered. An average of the annual yield in the last ten years was calculated and one-third of this average yield was fixed as the base for the tax to be paid. 

The tax, thus fixed, was applicable for the span of ten years. This offered considerable respite to farmers for a span of ten years. Documents knew as ‘Kabulayat’ and ‘Patta’ were prepared by the farmers after the fixing of the tax rate.

(c) Welfare Oriented Policy:

The tax was collected in cash or in kind. The farmers have sanctioned loans for tilling the land, which could be repaid in installments. 

Concessions were also granted to the farmers during times of calamities like famine, floods, and epidemics. These were the Welfare policies of Emperor Akbar. 

Todarmal in emperor Akbar’s court is known for his insights regarding the welfare of common people. His insights were instrumental for Akbar’s land reforms.

• Foreign trade flourished to a great extent during the Mughal period.
• Exports from India were larger than the imports. 
• Many commodities including silk cloth, precious stones, spices, etc. were exported from India while the imported goods mainly included luxury items.
• The foreign traders had to pay for the Indian goods in the form of silver. 
• Hence, India received silver every year in large quantities.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the political condition in India was somewhat disturbed. 

The Sultanate’s rule had begun to decline after Muhammad Tughluq. The Delhi Sultanate broke down completely and many new independent kingdoms emerged in North, Central, and South India. 

The Bahamani kingdom got divided into five branches. The prosperous Vijaynagar empire was’ destroyed by the five Islamic ruling houses in the South.

During the same period, the Portuguese began to settle on the western coast of India. The traditional military system of the Indian rulers in the medieval period was not capable of facing the onslaught of new challenges. 

The Indians were not familiar with modern weaponry. Taking advantage of all this, the Mughals established their rule in India.

Chaityas means temple halls for Buddhist monks.

Correct option is  (c) Shahjahan

सही विकल्प है (क) दोमट

बद्रीनाथ उत्तराखण्ड राज्य के मध्य हिमालय में चमोली जिले की फूलों की घाटी के समीप स्थित है। यदि हम बद्रीनाथ से गंगा के साथ-साथ सुन्दरवन डेल्टा के लिए चलें तो हमें कई प्रकार की भू-आकृतियों से होकर जाना होगा। पर्वतीय क्षेत्र में ऊँची-ऊँची चोटियाँ, गहरी घाटियों व तीव्र ढाल वाले क्षेत्रों को पार करना पड़ेगा। इस मार्ग में गॉर्ज, V-आकार की घाटी और तीव्र ढाल मुख्य स्थलाकृतियाँ हमें मिलेंगी। हरिद्वार के पास हमारा पर्वतीय मार्ग समाप्त हो जाएगा और मैदानी मार्ग आरम्भ हो जाएगा। यहाँ पर तराई अथवा भाबर क्षेत्र से गुजरना पड़ेगा। इसके पश्चात् समतल मैदान पार करना होगा। इस मैदान में धरातल प्राय: समतल मिलेगा, कोई भी ऊँची श्रेणी नहीं मिलेगी। गंगा के टेढ़े विसर्पो और झीलों के साथ हम सुन्दरवन डेल्टा पर पहुंचेंगे। यह डेल्टा गंगा नदी द्वारा निर्मित है। यहाँ गंगा विभिन्न शाखाओं में विभक्त होकर इस डेल्टा का निर्माण करती है। यह डेल्टा 150 मीटर ऊँचा है।

Taj Mahal: It is located on the bank of river Yamuna at Agra in Uttar Pradesh. Taj Mahal is one of the seven Wonders of the world. Also, it is one of the best tombs of the world. Mughal King Shahjahan (grandson of Akbar) constructed it in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal and named it after her as Taj Mahal.

Taj Mahal is the tomb (maqbara) of Mumtaz Mahal. Shahajahan started its construction in 1631 AD after his wife death in 1630 AD. Mumtaz Mahal died in 1630 AD. It took 22 long years to complete the Taj Mahal. The construction got over in 1653 A.D. Shahjahan hired expert Indians, Iranian, Arabians, Turkish and European sculptures and artisans for building it. Shahjahan deeply wished to make Mumtaz Mahal’s name immortal. By building Taj Mahal he had finely achieved his wish.

The Taj Mahal is spread in rectangular shape from North to South. The grave of Mumtaz lies at the centre of Taj. The grave is surrounded by beautiful artistic octagonal fence carved out of stone. A beautiful saying is inscribed on one of its archs which says “Pious hearts are welcomed in the garden of paradise”. The architecture of Taj glorifies the rich heritage of India and is the highest epitome of Mughal architecture. The grandeur of the Taj attracts thousands of people every year.

A jagir was a revenue assignment for the mansabdars. The mansabdars had the right to collect revenue from a jagir but they could not reside in or administer the jagir. They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments which was collected for them by their servants while the mansabdars served in some other part of the country. In Akbar’s reign, these jagirs were carefully assessed so that their revenues were roughly equal to the salary of the mansadar. By Aurangzeb’s reign, the actual revenue collected was often less than the granted sum. Moreover, a huge increase in the number of mansabdars meant a long wait before they received a jagir. These and other factors created a shortage in the number of jagirs . As a result, many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they had a jagir. These factors during Aurangzeb's reign led to the peasantry's suffering and loss.

सही विकल्प है (क) दोमट मिट्टी

सामान्यतः गेहूँ में 5-6 सिंचाई की आवश्यकता होती है। पहली सिंचाई बोने के 20-25 दिन बाद की जाती है, जो महत्त्वपूर्ण होती है। इसके बाद आवश्यकतानुसार सिंचाई करते रहना चाहिए। अंतिम सिंचाई से पहले वाली सिंचाई दूधिया अवस्था में करनी चाहिए। अन्त में हलकी सिंचाई दाना पकते समय करनी चाहिए।

मटर में चूँड़ियों से नियन्त्रण हेतु दो किलो मैलाथियान, 50% घुलनशील चूर्ण 800-1000 ली० पानी में घोलकर छिड़कना चाहिए अथवा मैलाथियान 50 ई०सी० की 1 ली० पानी में घोलकर प्रति हेक्टेयर छिड़कना चाहिए।

फली छेदक कीटक के अलावा पत्ती में सुरंग बनाने वाले कीट भी लगते हैं। इनके नियन्त्रण हेतु मेटासिस्टक्स 25 ई०सी० 1 लीटर दवा 1000 लीटर पानी में घोलकर प्रति हेक्टेयर दर से छिड़काव करना चाहिए।

मटर की खेती में कम्पोस्ट खाद लगाने के बाद 25-30 किग्रा० नाइट्रोजन, 50-60 किग्रा० फॉस्फोरस तथा 40-50 किग्रा० पोटाश प्रति हेक्टेयर की दर से लगाना चाहिए।

सोयाबीन से दूध, दही, मगौड़ी, बड़ियाँ इत्यादि पौष्टिक पेय एवं खाद्य पदार्थ तैयार किए जाते हैं।

गेहूँ के लिए खाद एवं उर्वरक का प्रयोग- गेहूँ फसल के लिए 120 किग्रा० नाइट्रोजन, 60 किग्रा० फॉस्फोरस तथा 40 किग्रा० पोटाश प्रति हेक्टेयर प्रयोग करना चाहिए। नाइट्रोजन की आधी मात्रा तथा बाकी दो की पूरी मात्रा बीज के साथ कैंड़ में 5 सेमी० गहराई पर देनी चाहिए तथा शेष नाइट्रोजन दो भागों में कल्ले निकलते समय तथा बालियाँ बनते समय देनी चाहिए। नाइट्रोजन शाम को खड़ी फसल में दी जाती है। सिंचाई के बाद जब पैर का हलका निशान बने तब यूरिया लगाना चाहिए।

सोयाबीन की अच्छी पैदावार हेतु 15-20 किंग्रा० नाइट्रोजन, 40-60 किग्रा० फॉस्फोरस तथा 30-40 किग्रा० पोटाश प्रति हेक्टेयर प्रयोग करते हैं। उर्वरक की पूरी मात्रा अंतिम जुताई पर हल के पीछे कूड़ों में 6-7 सेमी गहराई पर डालनी चाहिए।

120 किग्रा० नाइट्रोजन, 60 किग्रा० फास्फोरस, 40 किग्रा० पोटाश।

मक्के की बुवाई 5 सेमी० गहराई पर करते हैं।

टा-3, बासमती-370

120 किग्रा० प्रति हेक्टेयर

उड़द को बुवाई से पूर्व अच्छी पैदावार व सही बढ़ोतरी के लिए राइजोबियम जैसे रसायन से उपचारित करते हैं।

गंगा-2, गंगा-11

धान की रोपाई के समय एक स्थान पर 2-3 पौधे लगाए जाते हैं।

60 किग्रा० प्रति हेक्टेयर

सरसो की बुवाई सितम्बर से अक्टूबर के महीने में करनी चाहिए।

फसल सुरक्षा – धान के खेत में रोपाई से कटाई तक अनेक कीड़े व रोग लगते हैं। ये कीड़े दीमक, गंधी बग, सैनिक कीट, हरा फुदका, पत्ती लपेट कीट तथा तना छेदक आदि हैं।

5% मैलाथियान धूल का 20 से 25 किग्रा० प्रति हेक्टेयर फसलों पर छिड़काव करें। सैनिक कीट नियन्त्रण इंडोसल्फान 35 ई०सी० का छिड़काव किया जाता है। जिंक की कमी से खैरा रोग होता है। 5 किग्रा० जिंक सल्फेट तथा 2.5 किग्रा बुझा हुआ चूना अथवा 20 किग्रा यूरिया 1000 ली० पानी में घोलकर प्रति हेक्टेयर छिड़कावं करना चाहिए। झुलसा रोग के उपचार के लिए 15 ग्राम स्ट्रेप्टोसाइक्लिन व कॉपर ऑक्सीक्लोराइड की 500 ग्राम मात्रा को 1000 लीटर पानी में घोलकर प्रति हेक्टेयर 2 से 3 बार छिड़काव करना चाहिए।

एक हेक्टेयर धान की नर्सरी से 15 हेक्टेयर क्षेत्रफल की रोपाई की जाती है।

नर्सरी –  एक हेक्टेयर क्षेत्रफल की रोपाई के लिए महीन धान का 30 किग्रा०, मध्यम धान का 35 किग्रा० और मोटे धान का 40 किग्रा बीज पौधा तैयार करने के लिए पर्याप्त होता है एक हेक्टेयर नर्सरी में। 15 हेक्टेयर की रोपाई होती है। नर्सरी में पौधों की उचित बढ़वार के लिए 100 किग्रा० नाइट्रोजन, 50 किग्रा० । फॉस्फोरस प्रति हेक्टेयर की दर से प्रयोग करना चाहिए। नर्सरी में खैरा रोग नियन्त्रण हेतु 5 किग्रा० जिंक सल्फेट का 2% यूरिया के साथ घोल बनाकर प्रति हेक्टेयर छिड़काव करना चाहिए। नर्सरी में कीड़ों के बचाव हेतु क्लोरोपाइरीफारस 20 ईसी (Emultion Concentrate) को 1.5 लीटर को 800 लीटर पानी में मिलाकर छिड़काव करना चाहिए।