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In the end dragon kite pulled off the string and vanished into the sky.

Context: The writer describes a very special kind of kite known as dragon kite made by Mahmood. The kite was very heavy and looked like a crawling serpent. In the sun-light it looked like a dragon. It was so complicated that only Mahmood could manage it. Now the dragon kite began to soar higher and higher. 

Explanation : In these lines the writer explains the power of dragon kite. The kite pulled and looked as if it wanted to be free. All of a sudden the twine of the kite broke and the kite went on higher and higher and soon it disappeared forever. Mahmood also wondered on the construction and power of this kite. After this Mahmood never made such a kite. He only made a kite which produced sound like veena. He presented this kite to Nawab.

The other kite which Mahmood presented to Nawab was a musical kite. It made a sound like the Veena. Dragon kite was not a success. So, he did not make another kite like this.

Dragon kite was a clumsy plan. This kite was like a crawling serpent. It had some coloured discs, a fantastic painted face and two eyes made of mirror. A small twig was tied to it to keep it balanced.

The kite made for the Nawab was like a moving serpent. So it was given the name of dragon kite’.

Context: Here, the writer says that trees and men both grow slowly if they are not hurt. When they are young they look very bright. But as they advance in their age, they bend and become weak. In the old age the limbs of men and the branches of the trees become hard and can easily be broken. 

Explanation : Mahmood has become very old and Ali is very young. So, the writer makes a comparison between Mahmood and banyan tree and Ali and mimosa. He says that the twisted hands of Mahmood are like the roots of banyan tree. Ali is like a young mimosa plant and he will get strength and confindence as he grows. These are the characteristics of youth.

Yes, Mahmood could realise before hand that he was soon going to die. He dreamt that his kite resembled Garuda, the steed of Hindu God Vishnu.

The popularity of Mahmood as a kite maker made him happy and enthusiastic in his youth.

सही विकल्प है (B) 6 मास

Correct option is (C) Banabhatt

The statement is perfectly correct. In this regard, a businessman can play the following role:

• He may ensure that he makes use of eco friendly methods of production as far as possible.
• He may ensure that in case any pollution occurs, the waste is discharged in proper manner as per the provisions of pollution control boards.
• He may also create awareness amongst employees on how can they minimize this pollution by initiating workshops, seminars etc.

Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Vande Mataram. It is a hymn to the motherland.

(b) Natesa Sastai

Civil Disobedience Movement was accepted in different forms by different classes of society. The support given by the business class was a big boost to the movement. 

1. The Civil Disobedience Movement was welcomed by the business class during the early phase of the movement. 

2. Monetary support was extended, and the business class refused to buy or sell the Manchester goods. 

3. The businessmen expected to have independent business units without any colonial restrictions being imposed. 

4. They wanted the smooth functioning of trade and other industries without any constraints. 

5. But the support given by the business class was withdrawn when Gandhiji relaunched the movement after the failure of the Round Table Conference. 

6. They did not want their business to be disrupted.

Thus, the business class extended warm support when the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism.

(iv) Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and Architecture, Science and Mathematics, religions and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. Thus glorious period, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under the British rule.

Examples: 

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance

People should believe that they all belong to the same country. This sense was developed by the united struggles against the British to some extent. The following are some of the cultural processes through which Indian nationalism captured people’s minds. 

1. History and Fiction: 

a. Reinterpretation of history served as an important tool in creating a feeling of nationalism among Indians. 

b. As the Britishers felt that Indians were primitive, Indians started to reinterpret history to know about their achievements. 

c. During ancient times, religion and culture, art and architecture, science and mathematics, trade etc., flourished. Articles on these were written to inspire people. 

d. It was also mentioned that there was a huge decline in these areas when Britishers started colonising India. 

e. The history of glorious India made the readers to inculcate the urge for freedom from the British clutch. 

2. Popular prints and Symbols: 

a. A nation is always identified with a figure or an image.

b. The image of Bharat Mata, portrayed by Abanindranath Tagore came to be the symbol of identity of India. 

c. Tricolour flag, which was called as Swaraj flag, designed by Gandhiji also instilled nationalism among Indians. 

3. Folklore and Songs: 

a. Indian nationalists went around many villages to gather their traditional folk tales. 

b. Movements were launched to revive the traditional Indian folklore. 

c. These folktales played a major role in restoring one’s national identity and developing a sense of pride. 

4. Hymns: 

Hymns like Vande Mataram and ‘Swaraj is my birthright’ were widely sung to capture nationalism. 

Nationalism, thus, spreads only if there is a feeling of oneness among all the people of a country.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism.

(iv) Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and Architecture, Science and Mathematics, religions and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. Thus glorious period, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under the British rule.

Examples: 

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance

(i) Dalit began organizing themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions, and a separate electorate. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who organized the Dalits into the Depressed Classes Association in 1930, clashed with Mahatma Gandhi at the Second Round Table Conference by demanding separate electorates for Dalits.
(ii) Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji's proposal and the result was the Poona Pact of September 1932.

(iii) After the decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat Movement, large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress. Many Muslim leaders and inteilectuals expressed their concern about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under the domination of Hindu majority.

Woman Played an important role in the Civil Disobedience Movement :

During Gandhi ji's salt March many woman came out of their homes to hear him . They took an active participation in the salt March a long with him.

In urban areas, these women were from high caste educated family e.g. Sarojini Naidu, Satyavati Devi, Kamala Nehru, Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Kasturba Gandhi, etc. In rural areas, women came from rich peasant households.

Many women went to jail during this course of events . These were the woman belonging to elegant and rich families from the urban areas . From rural areas these woman belonged to the rich peasant household .

In Bombay, large section of women of Gujarati community was influenced by Gandhiji’s idealism and participated in National Movement. But all these participation were symbolic as women did not hold any position of authority for a long time.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism.

(iv) Reinterpretation of History: Another means of creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of history. By the end of the 19th century many Indians began feeling that to instill a sense of pride in the nation, Indian history had to be thought about differently. The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of governing themselves. In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments in ancient times when art and Architecture, Science and Mathematics, religions and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished. Thus glorious period, in their view, was followed by a history of decline, when India was colonised. These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions of life under the British rule.

Examples: 

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance

(a) The painting of Bharat Mata drawn by Abanindranath Tagore became very famous, in this painting, Bharat Mata was portrayed as an ascetic figure.
She was calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
She symbolised power and represented motherland. The painting was shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing.
The mala in one hand emphasised her ascetic quality. In subsequent years, the image of Bharat Mata acquired many different forms. Devotion to Bharat Mata became a symbol of one’s nationalism.

(b) From the significance of image of Bharat Mata in our National Movement, I have learnt the value of inspiration to stay motivated.

The image of Bharat Mata was created by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. 

1. The image created was painted by the famous Rabindranath Tagore. 

2. Bharat Mata was picturised as a form of Hindu Goddess. 

3. She was calm, composed and divine. 

4. The image was shown as dispensing learning, food and clothing. 

5. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote ‘Vande Mataram’ as a hymn to the nation.

The image of Bharat Mata symbolised India and developed a feeling of nationalism among the Indians.

Participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Women in large number participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) During Salt March thousands of women came out of their homes to listen to Gandhiji.
(iii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt.
(iv) They picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.
(v) Many went to jail.
(vi) They began to see service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Different social groups in the Civil Disobedience Movement:
(i) Rich Peasantry Group: The Patidar and |ats demanded reduction in revenue and participated in the boycott program.
(ii) Poor peasantry Group: They wanted unpaid rent to be remitted, joined radical movement led by the socialist and communist.
(iii) Business Class Group: Prominent industrialist like Purshottamdas, C D Birla formed FICCT. They wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and rupee sterling exchange ratio and refused to sell imported goods.
(iv) Working Class Group: Nagpur Workers adopted a boycott of foreign goods, against low wages and poor working conditions.
(v) Women: Participated in the protest marches, manufacturing of salt and boycotted foreign goods.

(i) The business classes supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched. 

(ii) They gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported goods. 

(iii) Most businessmen came to see Swaraj at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish without constraints. 

(iv) But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic. So, when the movement was re-launched by Gandhiji, most of them withdrew their support. 

(v) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities, and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

The colonial government reacted to the spread of Civil Disobedience Movement in the following ways: 

• Prominent Congress leaders such as Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Gandhiji began to be arrested. 
• The government used the policy of brutal repression to clamp down the demonstrators. 
• Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were beaten and lakhs of people were arrested. 

The attitude of the Indian merchants and the industrialists towards the Civil Disobedience Movement was :
(i) During the 1st World War Indian merchants and industrialists had made huge profits and became powerful.
(ii) They wanted protection against imports of foreign gods and a Rupee Sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage import.
(iii) To organize business interest they formed the Indian industrial and Commercial Congress (in 1920) and the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries-FlCCl ( in 1927).
(iv) They gave {inancial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported gods.
(v) Most businessmen came to see 'Swaraj' at a time when colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist and trade and industry would flourish
without constraints.
(vi) After the failure of the Round Table Conference business groups were no longer uniformly enthusiastic.
(vii) They were apprehensive of the spread of militant activities and worried about prolonged disruption of business.

(i) Image of Bharat Mata: The identity of nation was symbolised in an image. Rabindranath painted the famous image of Bharat-Mata. Devotion to this mother figure came to be seen as an evidence of one’s nationalism. 

(ii) Folklore: Nationalists toured villages to gather folk tales. These tales gave a true picture of one’s national identity and helped in restoring a sense of pride in one’s past. 

(iii) Icon and Symbols: Nationalist leaders used icons and symbols to unite the people and create in them a feeling of nationalism. 

Examples:

• During the Swedeshi movement a tri colour flag was designed. 

• In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag carrying the flag during protest marches became a symbol of defiance.

Civil Disobedience Movement came into force in various parts of the country :
(i) Gandhiji led the Salt March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with his followers starting the Civil Disobedience Movement.
(ii) Thousands in different parts of the country broke the Salt Law manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
(iii) In the countryside like the rich Patidars of Gujarat and Jats of Uttar Pradesh were active in the movement.
(iv) As rich peasant communities were very hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices, they became enthusiastic supporters of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(v) As the depression continued and cash invoice dwindled, the small tenants found it difficult to pay the rent. They wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted and thus they joined the movement.
(vi) Merchants and industrialists supported the movement by giving the financial assistance and refused to buy and sell the imported goods.
(vii) The industrial working class of Nagpur region participated in the Civil Disobedience movement (CDM).
(viii) Railway worker, dock workers, coal mine workers of Chota Nagpur, etc. participated in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
(ix) Women also participated in large numbers.

The following people should not be driving vehicles : 

1. Having consumed alcohol. 

2. Have been taking any medicine or drug that affects their responses. 

3. Are tired, as tiredness affects the driving skills and reaction time. 

4. Are sick or injured. 

5. Are angry or upset.

Some safety measures that can be taken up are given below :

1. Pay attention to the flight crew safety demonstration. 

2. Carefully read the safety briefing card, that is there in the seat pocket. 

3. Know where the nearest safety emergency exit is and know how to open in case of emergency. 

4. Always keep your seat belt fastened when you are in seat.

The nationalists made sincere efforts to unify people against the British Government. It was not an easy task to unify them. The following were some of the problems involved in the process: 

1. The past history of India was based on facts about Hinduism and Hindu mythologies. 

2. The images that were celebrated were drawn from Hindu iconography. 

3. This made the people of other communities feel isolated. 

4. Moreover, Mahatma Gandhiji’s leadership tried to channel people’s grievances into an organised movement. 

5. However, there was participation from people belonging to different groups and classes each having their own aspirations and expectations. 

6. Hence, the meaning of freedom from the British rule was interpreted in different ways by different societies of people. 

7. The demands of one group did not alienate each other. 

8. It was the leaders who constantly worked to unite all classes of people and tried to resolve their grievances.

9. There were episodes of frequent disunity and conflicts between the different groups of people. 

Thus, unifying people with different views of freedom was difficult, but our leaders strived hard to free our country from the British clutches.

i. As it could contain explosive device.

ii. 100

iii. We should keep a watch on the suspected object.

iv. Be alert

Satyagraha is always a powerful weapon following the path of ahimsa and non-violence. 

1. Satyagraha followed the idea that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice, then there is no need for physical force to fight against the oppressor. 

2. Gandhiji followed Satyagraha during his stay in South Africa to fight the injustice. 

3. He decided to take the path of Satyagraha after arriving in India. 

4. He fought for the welfare of peasants in Kheda district of Gujarat demanding the relaxation in revenue collection. The peasants could not pay high revenue due to crop failure and a plague epidemic. The British Government agreed and deferred the payment of revenue to next year. 

5. He also travelled to Champaran to inspire peasants. He launched satyagraha to struggle against the exploitative plantation system. The British Government passed an Act to ensure the welfare of the peasants. 

6. He launched another Satyagraha in 1918 among the mill workers of Ahmedabad. The workers got a hike in their pay after Gandhiji’s intervention. 

These are fine examples to show that Satyagraha always wins battles through nonviolence.

Satyagraha was a novel method of mass struggle introduced by Mahatma Gandhi. Satyagraha is a synthesis of ‘Satya’ meaning truth and ‘Agraha’ means to persuade. It encompassed non-violent modes of protest against the majestic policies of the British.

It represented not physical force but pure soul force. Soul which is informed with knowledge and burns the flame of love. A Satyagrahi could win a battle through soul force by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor.

B) Immoral trafficking

Correct option is A) Monarchy

B) Japanese Constitution was adopted – 1948

Methods of Judicial Assistance : 

• Judicial advice is given free of cost by the advocate.
• After verification of the cases and if it is found necessary, the advocates may be appointed on behalf of the complaint and take up the cases in the court. 
• To bear the expenditures of court and court fee. 
• The xerox copies of the judgment will be given at free of cost to those who sought judicial assistance.

After protecting the victims they should be presented before the Magistrate

• Citizens belong to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. 
• Victims of immoral human trafficking, beggars, women, children, mentally imbalanced and physically challenged. „ 
• Victims of natural disasters, agricultural and industrial labourers and victims of Domestic Violence and Caste enmity. 
• Citizens earning annual income less than Rs. 50,000.

India’s rich heritage, culture, traditions, conventions, civilization, customs, ethnicity, art and literature contribute to the unity of the nation.

The writer means to say that people of different cultures, traditions, languages, sects, races are synthesized into one unit and absorbed as a whole in this world’s big stage.

India is a country with many races, cultures, languages and modes of apparel. The religions, sects and beliefs are not the obstacles to perturb its unity.

The traditions, conventions, way of living are in no way barriers of its development. The rich culture and heritage justifies the unity in social, intellectual and human development. The Indian civilization is a mixture of Dravidian, Aryan and Hindu cultures bringing North and South to a common stage.

People may speak different languages, may follow different regional habits but they have one common language to bring into one stream and that is Hindi recognised as the national language of India.

India is a land of rich music, fine arts, sculpture, spiritual impact and passionate heritage. The West gets attracted towards India for the way of life we had. The festivals of India depict the unity, love and feeling of universal brotherhood.

The ancestral heritage of sages, maharishis, spiritual leaders stand as a symbol of piety, peace and non-violence. The temples, monuments and caves represent the rich sculpture and architecture of Indian intellectual minds. The music and dance are considered to be the passion from ancient era to the present. The dance and art forms highlight the aesthetic outlook and spirituality. The themes like power, shakti, tragedy and love are performed to show varied aspects in the united India.

The individual in the whole, the simple in composite and one in many can be the divergence in convergence and unity in diversity – a special feature of only our nation.

Yes, Hindi is considered as the lingua franca of India. From north to south of India, from east to west, Hindi is understood and recognised as the national language of India. Hindi, like English, is understood in almost every part of the country and stands as a symbol of unity and brotherhood in the present civilization.

Smith is commenting on the distinguished features of India that makes it significant and extraordinary. But the feeling of unity is quite common for every Indian in terms of human, social and intellectual development.

According to the poet, there are many tasks to be finished. India has to develop eco-nomically to adjoin the developed countries. For this it has to grow technologically, industrially, and socially. We have plenty of resources but lacking self confidence. The team work and unity will fill this gap and lead towards a successful path.

India is a united country with its varied castes, religions, creeds, and communities. We follow ‘unity in diversity’ that makes our nation a ‘strong nation.’ In spite of its unity, there are walls of discrimination that lead to disputes and cause violence. The local and internal disputes that shake the walls of unity ‘hang our heads in shame.’ So the two expressions are used at the same time.

The people who speak/act violently to disturb the foundations of the country’s unity are cheats. The innocent people who strive for the country’s integrity are cheated.