Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

TV working on AC.

Correct answer is: d. process of making electricity by the relative motion of a magnet or a coiled conductor.

• Electric generator,
• Transformer,
• Moving coil galvanometer,
• Induction cooker etc.

Magnet, soft iron core connecting wire and Galvanometer.

• Direction of magnetic field
• Direction of conductor
• Direction of induced current

• Number of turns of the coiled conductor.
• Magnetism.
• Movement of magnet and solenoid.

The galvanometer needle deflects to one direction because there is a slight current flow.

Correct option: (2) acetylation of morphine

Explanation: 

Heroin, commonly called smack and is chemically diacetylmorphine which is synthesized by acetylation of morphine.

The correct option is (1) Red.

Explanation:

Red has the longest wavelength among the given options.

Correct option: (3) Progestasert, LNG-20

Explanation: 

Progestasert and LNG-20 are hormone releasing IUDs which make the uterus unsuitable for implantation and the cervix hostile to sperms.

According to NTA official Answer key The answer will be

(3) Electromagnet 

(4) Electric heater

The correct option is (4) Electric heater.

Explanation:

Electric heater does not involve Eddy currents. It uses Joule's heating effect.

Flywheels are typically made of steel and rotate on conventional bearings; these are generally limited to a maximum revolution rate of a few thousand RPM. High energy density flywheels can be made of carbon fiber composites and employ magnetic bearings, enabling them to revolve at speeds up to 60,000 RPM (1 kHz).

Correct answer is (a) l^-1ML⁰T^-2 

The permanent polarity is produced by the interaction of lone pair and n electrons in conjugate system.

1. It is used as a mild bleaching agent.

2. Used an an antiseptic in surgery.

A chemical reaction in which both oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously are known as redox reaction.

eg: 2Na(s) + Cl₂ (g) → 2NaCl (s)

Ionisation enthalpy: “The amount of energy to remove outermost electron from an isolated gaseous atom”.

eg. Na – 498. 5 KJ/mol.

Hund’s rule: “Pairing of electron in the orbitals having same subshell doesn’t take place until each orbital has one electron each”.

Activation energy (Ea) can be calculated graphically (from the collected data) as follows:

log₁₀ k = - \((\frac{E_a}{2.303R})\) x \(\frac{1}{T}\) + log₁₀ A      ...............(Arrhenius equation)

Thus, when the graph of log10k is plotted against \(\frac{1}{T}\) , a straight line with negative slope is obtained.

From the slope of the graph, activation energy can be calculated

Slope = \((\frac{E_a}{2.303R})\)

∴ E_o = slope x 2.303 x R

a. Adiabatic process: The mathematical expression of first law of thermodynamics is 

ΔU = q + W. 

In adiabatic process, q = 0. 

Hence, the mathematical expression of first law of thermodynamics for adiabatic process is, 

ΔU = 0 + W 

∴ ΔU = +W 

or - ΔU = - W

b. Isochoric process: The mathematical expression of first law of thermodynamics is

ΔU = q + W (W = - p_ex ΔV). 

In isochoric process, ΔV = 0, W = 0 

Hence, the mathematical expression of first law of thermodynamics for isochoric process is, 

ΔU = q_v + 0 

∴ ΔU = q_v

The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure.

The formula to determine molar mass of a solute using freezing point depression method is

M2 = \(\frac{K_fW_2}{ΔT_fW_1}\) 

Where,

M₂ = Molar mass of solute in kg mol^–1 

K_f = Cryoscopic in K kg mol^–1 constant 

ΔT_f = Depression in freezing point in K 

W₂ = Mass of solute in kg 

W₁ = Mass of solvent in kg

Given lines are \(\frac {x-1}{2} = \frac {2-y}{3} = \frac {z+1}{4}\)

= \(\frac {x-1}{2} = \frac {y-2}{-3} = \frac {z-(-1)}{4}...(1)\)

∴ x₁ = 1, y₁ = 2, z₁ = -1  and a₁ = 2, b₁ = -3, c₁ = 4

And \(\frac {x+2}{-1} =\frac {y-3}{2} = \frac z3\)

= \(\frac {x-(-2)}{-1} = \frac {y-3}{2} = \frac {z-0}{3}\).....(2)

∴ x₂ = -2, y₂ = 3, z₂ = 0 and a₂ = -1, b₂ = 2, c₂ = 3

Now, \(\begin {vmatrix} x_2-x_1&y_2-y_1&z_2-z_1\\ a_1 &b_1& c_1\\a_2&b_2&c_2\end{vmatrix}\)= \(\begin {vmatrix} -3&1&1\\2&-3&4\\-1&2&3\end{vmatrix}\)

= -3 \(\begin {vmatrix} -3&4\\2&3\end{vmatrix}\)-1 \(\begin {vmatrix} 2&-1\\-1&3\end{vmatrix}\)+1 \(\begin {vmatrix} 2&-3\\-1&2\end{vmatrix}\)

= -3 (9-8)-1 (6 +4) + 1 (4 -3)

= 51 - 10 + 1

= 42

(b₁ c₂-b₂ c₁)² + (c₁a₂-c₁a₁)² + (a₁ b₂ - a₂ b₁)²

= (-3 x 3 -2 x 4)² + (4 x -1 -3 x 2)² + (2 x 2 - (-1) x -3)

= (-9 -8)² + (-4-6)² + (4-3)²

= 17² + 10² + 1²

= 289 + 100 + 1

= 390

∴ Distance between both skew lines (1) & (2) is 

d= \(\frac {\begin {vmatrix} x_2-x_1&y_2-y_1&z_2-z_1\\ a_1 &b_1& c_1\\a_2&b_2&c_2\end{vmatrix}}{\sqrt{(b_1c_2-b_2c_1)^2 + (c_1a_2-c_2a_1)^2 + (a_1 b_2-a_2b_1)^2}}\)

= \(\frac {43}{\sqrt{390}} = \frac {42}{19.75} \)= 2.1265 unit (approx)

Concept used :

\(\pi = {180^ \circ }\;\)

\(1rad = {180^ \circ }/\pi \;\)

Calculation :

⇒ \(\left( {11^\circ + \frac{{15^\circ }}{{60}}} \right)\)

⇒  \({\left( {45/4} \right)^ \circ }\)

⇒  \(\left( {\frac{{45}}{4} \times \frac{\pi }{{180}}} \right) = \frac{\pi }{{16}}\;\)radian

According to H. M Johnson “Socialization in the learning process that enables the learner to perform social roles”.

Pushyamitra Sunga was a staunch Hindu.

In the process of conducting research, data collection is important stage. In general, collecting information related to the problem under research is called data collection. According to William Scott “information collected from observation or measurement from which attempts made to develop generation or conclusion is called “Data are divided into two types: 

1. Primary and 2. Secondary Data.

Primary Data is the information related to research collected by the researcher for the first time. This data is drawn from field study or from laborities. According for the specific purpose of solving a particular research problem”.

Primary data is original data collected by the researcher from field study. Primary or secondary data are collected through various tools or means. The major sources of primary data are :Observation., Interview, Questionnaire, Schedule and Social Survey.

Secondary data is collected by the researcher from different documents. According to Roberta on and Wright, “ Secondary data are those already recorded for some other purpose but used in research project “It includes Personal Documents, Public Documents, Books Periodicals, Abstracts, Bibliographies and Indexes, Office Statistics, Year Book, Encyclopedia, Directories and others.

According to Young and Mack: “Assimilation is the fusion or blending of two previously distinct groups into one”.

Characteristics of Assimilation:

Assimilation is not confined to single field only: The term assimilation is generally applied to explain the fusion of two distinct cultural group. Thus, it is an universal process. The process occurs in every walks of Human life ex: social, economic, political, art, music, agriculture, food and dress, habit etc. But this process is by notifications limited to any single field. In the religious field, assimilation may take place when an individual or a group of individuals or a particular religious background get converted into some other religious sect or group. As a process assimilation encompasses life in general.

Assimilation is a slow and gradual process: Assimilation cannot take place all of a sudden it takes. Fusion of personalities and groups usually takes time. It occurs only when there is relatively continuous and direct contact. The speed of the process of assimilation depends on the nature of contacts. If the contacts are primary then assimilation occurs naturally and rapid. On the contrary, if the contracts are Secondary assimilation takes place very slowly. The formation of American Culture due to the assimilation of British, Scottish, German and other European Cultures also has taken several decades and centuries.

Assimilation is an unconscious process: In the process of assimilation the individual or group is usually unconscious of what is taking place. Mostly it occurs in an unconscious manner individual and groups discard cultural heritage and substitute it with the new one.

Assimilation is a two-way process: Assimilation involves the principle of give and take. It is normally preceded by another process called ‘acculturation’ Acculturation is a preliminary and necessary step towards assimilation. It takes place when one cultural group which is in contact with another borrows from it certain cultural elements and incorporate them into its own culture. Contact between two groups essentially affects into its own culture. Contact between two groups essentially affects both. Usually the culturally ‘weaker’ group borrows must of the trails from the culturally ‘stronger’ group.

Factors Favoring Assimilation: 

Toleration: assimilation is possible only when individual and groups are tolerated towards cultural differences of others. Tolerance helps people to come together, to develop contacts and to participate in common social and cultural activities. When the majority group or the dominant group itself is secure.

Intimate social relationships: Assimilation is the final product of social contacts. The relative speed in which it is achieved depends on the nature of the contacts. It takes place naturally in primary groups such as family and friendship groups.

Amalgamation or intermarriage: It is an effective favoring assimilation process. It does not combine two opposite sexes but also two different families, castes, religious and regional groups together. A factor which helps complete assimilation is amalgamation which refers to the intermarriage of different groups without biological amalgamation complete assimilation is not possible.

Mere intermixture of the groups to a limited degree does not guarantee assimilation but intermarriage or amalgamation must be accepted in the mores and become a part of the institutional; structure, before assimilation exists. 

Cultural similarity: If there are striking similarities between them an constituents of cultures of groups assimilation is quick to take place. In America, for example English – speaking protestants are assimilated with greater aped than non-Christians who do not speak English.

Education: Education is another conductive factor for assimilation. For immigrant people public education has played a prominent role in providing culture contact. Maurice R Davis has pointed out in his “world immigration” that in American public schools has been playing the vital role in the process of Americanizing the children of foreign born parents.

Equal Social and economic opportunity: Public education alone is not enough. People of all groups must have equal access to socio-economic opportunities. Only then, they can come closer and establish relations among themselves with mutual trust. As it has been observed in the case of America, full assimilation is possible only when full participation in social, cultural and economic life is allowed.

Assimilation is a two way process when it happens between two culture groups. Each group contributing varying proportions of the eventual blend.

Forms of assimilation The process of assimilation takes place mainly at three levels:

• Individual level 
• Group level 
• Culture level.

Individual level: A social individual when enters or joins a new patterns of different cultural patterns, he or she has to adopt new patterns of values, habits, customs and beliefs of the other group in order to be fully accepted by new group. In course of time, he or she becomes assimilated into the second group. An Indian woman after marriage starts with dissimilar backgrounds and develops a surprising unity of interests and identifies herself with the family of her husband. The tendency is to conform to other’s behaviors pattern and differences in the time may largely disappear.

Group level: When two groups with dissimilar patterns of behavior come in close contact, – they inevitably affect each other. In this process, it is generally seen that the weaker group would do more of the borrowing from and would give very little to a stronger group. For instance, when we came in contact with Britishers, being a weaker group, we have adopted many cultural elements of Britishers but they have adopted many cultural elements from Indian society. The adoption of elements of dominant cultural paves the way for total absorption, if not checked, of the new culture group with the dominant culture.

Cultural level: When two cultures merge to produce a third culture which, while somewhat distinct, has features of both merging cultures. In western countries to some extent, rural and urban cultures which were radically different are, with rapidly increasing communication, merging as differences continue to disappear although they still exist.

Accommodation is one of the principal types of social processes. Where by the adjustment of Hostile individuals and groups attains a sense of harmony.

Law is the most powerful formal means of social control in the modern society. It is an l indispensable part of the modem social life. Laws appear only in societies where a political organization called “Government” is found. According to J.S. Roucek “Laws are a form of social rule emanating from political agencies”.

Characteristics: 

• Laws are the general condition of human activity prescribed by the state for its members.
• Law is called law, only if enacted by a proper law making authority. Hence it is a product of conscious thought deliberate attempts and careful planning.
• Law is written definite, clear, precise and unambiguous. 
• Law applies equally to all without exception in identical circumstances.
• Violation of law is followed by penalties and punishments determined by the authority of the state. 
• Laws are always written down and recorded. 
• Laws are not the result of voluntary consent of persons against whom they are directed. 
• Laws a dynamic and subject to change. Law. is not a static body of rules handed down from generation to generation. Rather, it reflects continuously changing standards of, what is right and wrong of how violations are to be determined, and of what sanctions are to be applied. 
• Laws differ from country to country. Though the outward pattern of the legal system to be same every where. The content of laws often differ significantly.

(b) Chalcolithic cultures of western India

Elements of community E.A. Bogardus identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.

(a) Locality or Geographical area: A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community. Locality Means – “a group of people became a community only when it starts to reside permanently in a definite locality”.

In contrast with Society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, provides to fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence people’s social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.

(b) Community Sentiment: Community sentiment: “A feeling of belongingness towards, or “a kind of conscious identification with the local group.” Community sentiment makes the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common interests, and similar lifestyles awakens community sentiments in pepple.

Other Characteristics of community: 

1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As along as there is life on the earth, People continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.

2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.

3. Size of the Community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc.

4. Social Control: Every community has its own rules and regulations to control the relationship of its members. The nature of this regulation depends very much on the nature and type of the community. For example. In the rural and tribal communities informal means of regulations such as customs, folkways, mores, beliefs, rites and rituals etc are enough to exercise social pressure on the behavior of the people.

5. A Specific Name: Every community has some particular name, whether community is a village or a city or a tribe it has its own name and identity, on the basis of these one community is distinguished from the other.

Some chief characteristics of the earliest print culture in Japan were as follows:

• printing introduced in Japan in around AD 768-770
• pictures were printed on textiles,by playing cards and paper money
• printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices like arranging for teahouse gatherings, establishing libraries and bookstores
• an art form called ukiyo (‘pictures of the floating world’) or depiction of ordinary human experiences, especially urban ones was also an innovation of the Japanese.

According to Robert Bierstedt “Culture is the Complex whole that consists of everything we think and do and have as members of society.

Characteristics of culture are: 

Culture is learnt: Culture is often understood as learned ways of behaviors. Culture is not an inborn tendency. It is acquired or learnt. It includes those learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next.

Therefore what is learned through socialization and are applied in group life is what is called culture.

Culture is Social: Culture is not the property of any in dividual.lt is the social heritage of man. It is a way of group life. It originates in and develops through social interaction. It consists of a number of behavior patterns that are common to a group of people. It is the inclusive of all expectation of the members of the groups. Thus culture is a social products shared by most of the members of the group.

Culture is Shared: Culture is a social property. It belongs to the group. The elements of culture such as customs beliefs, idea, folkways, mores, and language are all belonges to the people of a group. These are commonly shared by the members of a group. So culture is the product of group’s life. Culture cannot be hidden and used by one individual. According to Robert Bierstadt. “Culture is something adopted, believed, practiced or possessed by more than one person”.

Culture is Transmissive: Culture is the total social heritage. It is linked with the past. The past continues because it lives in culture. Culture is something that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is passed through language. Language is the chief vehicles of culture. Culture is also passed from one generation to another through traditions and customs. It is a product of human experience.

Culture is Relative: All societies are not uniform. Hence all cultures are also not uniform. They varying and differ from time to time and place to place. There may be common elements such as customs, mores, folkways, art forms, dietary habits, value systems, institutions etc, that may be seen everywhere Culture is also related to time. It varies from time to time. History of every society is the history of change in culture from time to time.

Culture is Dynamic: Culture is not a static phenomenon. It is a Dynamic entity. Changes in society imply changes in its culture. Culture simply means a way of life. It is nothing but a total “design for living”. Factors like inventions, problems, plans and policies etc. have a drastic effect on culture. As society changes a new way of life in evolved and adopted to adjust with the changing circumstances. Every factor during changes in society will also bring changes in the culture. Thus, culture is dynamic.

Culture is Gratifying: Culture is the pilot of every human activity. Culture provides the necessary environment for the satisfaction of human wants . It shows the way for getting the work done. Culture determines and guides the activities of men.

Culture is continuous and cumulative: Culture is an growing phenomenon. It includes the glory of the past and the achievements of present. Eg: Bullock carts, train, Aeroplanes etc., achievements. It is always cumulative.

Culture is Ideal in Nature: It is not merely material and non material culture. One cannot confine the culture as objects which satisfy different goals of life. The members of society provide psychological meanings to their own cultural traits. They attach the sentiments to their cultural elements. In this regard Herbert Spencer considers’culture is neither organic, nor inorganic but it is super organic. It is commonly witnessed that people never tolerate any condemnation of their culture.

Interview 

The very term implies “Interviewing is an interactional process, it is a mutual view of each other”.

Structured Interview : has predetermined questions and standard techniques. The number of questions is also fixed. In this method of interview, number and nature of questions, order of asking them, wording of questions, recording system and everything in the interview process is standardized.

Merits of structured Interview: 

• It provides safe basis for the & generalization 
• In this method, interview’s bias can be restricted 
• It is more methodical and easy to administer

Demerits. 

• The rigid and mechanical process, sometimes defeat the purpose of interview. It lacks the flexible nature and personal touch in interview 
• In this method, there is a possibility that substances of interview obtain less importance than formal process and set up.

Unstructured (Oral) Interview: It is not rigid type of interview. In this method, there is flexibility in the entire process of interview. The interview has greater freedom to choose the form depending on situations. The flexibility nature of interview allows the interview to ask number, sequence, and method of questions according to requirements of situations.

Merits of Unstructured Interview 

• The informal nature of interview creates a congenial atmosphere for effective communication.
• In a highly diverse society of India, the formal set up interview imposes serve limitations on interview. Unstructured interview is the only remedy for this problem 

Demerits of Unstructured Interview

• The informal nature of interview provides respondents to answer differently, this is difficult in analysis of data 
• To administer this type of interview, well trained and skilled persons are required 
• The more number of personal bias and prejudices may be the part of this method.

Merits of Interview method 

• It is possible to obtain highly reliable information and in depth knowledge 
• It is possible to obtain information about the past and also about future plans in a detailed manner. 
• There is a high rate of response 
• Interview method can be used with all types of persons.

Demerits of Interview method 

• There is a possibility of misleading information being given by the interview 
• There can be defects due to the interview who may not be the best person to give information 
• There can be defects due to the bias or prejudice of the interview himself. Interview is a difficult skill and needs training 
• It is a costly and time-consuming method.

The importance of Observation method in data collection are: 

• It is possible to observe the natural behavior of the group because the observer is not stranger. 
• It is possible to gather quantitatively more and quantitatively better information. 
• It is possible to get better insights into the phenomena because the observer is an insider. 
• It is possible to observe secrete behavior. 
• It is possible to retain a high level of objectivity.
• A non-participant observer is able to collect considerable information because of his open role as an observer and his eagerness to learn 
• It is possible to record behavior as it occurs, without any distortions. This gives highly qualitative data. 
• Observation is a flexible method of data collection 
• It is independent of people’s willingness to report.

Elements of community E.A. Bogardus identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.

(a) Locality or Geographical area: A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community. Locality Means – “a group of people became a community only when it starts to reside permanently in a definite locality”.

In contrast with Society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, provides to fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence people’s social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.

(b) Community Sentiment: Community sentiment: “A feeling of belongingness towards, or “a kind of conscious identification with the local group.” Community sentiment makes the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common interests, and similar lifestyles awakens community sentiments in pepple.

Other Characteristics of community: 

1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As along as there is life on the earth, People continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities. 

2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.

3. Size of the Community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc. 

4. Social Control: Every community has its own rules and regulations to control the relationship of its members. The nature of this regulation depends very much on the nature and type of the community. For example. In the rural and tribal communities informal means of regulations such as customs, folkways, mores, beliefs, rites and rituals etc are enough to exercise social pressure on the behavior of the people.

5. A Specific Name: Every community has some particular name, whether community is a village or a city or a tribe it has its own name and identity, on the basis of these one community is distinguished from the other.