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Development refers to a progressive series of changes in an orderly coherent pattern. Progress signifies that the changes are one- directional-that they lead forward rather than backward. Orderly and coherent suggests that there is a definite relationship between the changes taking place and those that proceeded or will flow with them.

According to American psychologist L. L. Thurstone (1938), intelligence comprises of nine distinct primary mental abilities. According to him, there is no factor common to all intellectual activity. However there afre a number of groups of mental abilities, each having its own primary factor. 

The description of the factors is as follows : Verbal factor : It is concerned with comprehension of verbal relations, words and ideas. 

Spatial factor : It is involved in any task in which the subject manipulates an object imaginatively in space. 

Numerical factor : It is concerned with the ability to do numerical calculations rapidly and accurately. 

Memory factor : It involves the ability to memorize quickly. 

Word-fluency factor: It is involved whenever the subject is asked to think of isolated words at a rapid rate. 

Inductive reasoning factor : It is the ability to draw inferences or conclusions on the basis of specific inferences. 

Deductive reasoning factor : It is the ability to make use of generalized results. Perceptual factor : It is the ability to perceive objects accurately. 

Problem solving factor : It is the ability to solve problems with independent efforts. 

There stone assembled a battery of tests to measure these abilities. This Primary Mental Abilities test (PMA) is still widely used. The weakest part of the group factor theory was that it discarded the concept of common factor.

The weakest part of the group factor theory was that it discarded the concept of common factor.

J. P. Guilford put forward the structure of Intellect model of Intelligence.

The term projection is a defense mechanism in which conflict is dealt by ascribing one’s own anxiety – provoking motives to someone else; blaming others.

One characteristic of people with Type A personality is- Competitive drive, time urgency, impatient, ambitious, rigidly organized.

Self-actualization represents a concept derived from Humanistic psychological theory and specifically, from the theory created by Abraham Maslow selfactualization is the stage of personal development in which individuals reach their maximum potential/fullest potential or peak experience is called as self-actualization.

According to L.D. Crow and A.Crow (1962), “growth refers to structural and physiological changes”. It refers to quantitative changes such as change in height,weight.

Attribution is the process through which we seek to determine the causes behind others’ behavior.

1. Using proactive or sexually seductive behavior to draw attention. 

2. Adopt a speech style to impress others.

According to Sigmund Freud, development of personality is based on the assumption of infantile sexuality. These stages are termed as ‘psychosexual’ because it is the sexual urges that drive the acquisition of psychological characteristics. Freud described a succession of stages revolving around body zones, namely mouth, anus and genitals and he termed these zones as erogenous zones. 

Freud believed that if a child’s need at one of the psychosexual stages is either unsatisfied or over satisfied, fixation would take place, that is, the child continues to show attachment to an old stage even after moving to a new one, resulting in an immature personality develop¬ment and several psychological disorders. Libido is the form of psychic energy by which life instincts perform their work. Release of libido is closely related to pleasure. 

Description of the stages : 

Oral stage : This is the first stage which lasts for about a year. In this stage, pleasure is centered in the region of the mouth. The infant first obtains sensual pleasure by sucking (swallowing) and later by biting. He/she is almost completely dependent upon their mother for sustenance. Thus, a feeling of dependence arises during this period. 

Pleasure derived by swallowing may be displaced in later life by pleasure gained by acquiring knowledge or possessions. A gullible person, for example, is fixated at the oral incorporative level. Such a person will swallow almost anything he or she is told. It is also seen in concrete forms like smoking or psychological forms such as dependence. Biting or oral aggression may be displaced in the form of sarcasm and argumentativeness. It may produce a critical “biting” personality.

 Anal stage : This is the second stage, which lasts till three years of age. This occurs when parents provide “toilet -training” to their children and teach them how to avoid prohibited behaviour related to excretion. The process of elimination becomes the primary focus of pleasure. It is associated with two types of stimulation around the anal region¬folding on” and “letting go”. 

The first sub-stage involves pleasure around expulsion of feces (letting go). Freud maintained that fixation at these sub-stage results in adult characteristics of messiness and disorder, cruelty, destructiveness and temper tantrums. The second sub-stage involves pleasure from holding the feces (holding on), fixation at which results in excessive compulsiveness, over conformity, exaggerated self-control. 

Fixation depends on the particular method of toilet training used by the mother. Extremely harsh toilet training, results in fixation at the second sub-stage (holding on). It may also make the child obstinate and stingy. In contrast, fixation stemming from very relaxed toilet training may result in people who are undisciplined, impulsive and extremely generous, i.e., fixation at the first sub-stage (letting go).

However if the mother praises the child when he or she excretes in the appropriate place, this may be the basis of creativity and productivity, (iii) Phallic stage : During this stage, sexual and aggressive feelings associated with the functioning of the genital organs come into focus. Personality development occurs in separate ways for boys and girls. In this stage, the child has sexual feelings for the parent of the opposite sex and hostile feelings for the parent of the same sex. 

In case of a boy child, he wants to possess his mother and remove his father. These feelings express themselves through a child’s fantasy during masturbation and in the alteration of love and rebellious action towards the parents. This is known as ‘Oedipus Complex’. This stage is from three to five years and although it is modified and suffers repression after the age of five years, it still remains a vital force of personality throughout life.

The boy’s incestuous cravings for mother and his growing resentment towards father bring conflict with parents, especially the father. He imagines that his dominant rival (father) is going to harm him. His fear regarding what the father may do to him centers around harm to his genital organs because they are the source of lustful feelings. His fear that his father will remove the offending organ is known as ‘Castration anxiety’. 

This leads to three things : 

1. Repression of sexual desires towards father and hostility towards mother. 

2. Identification of the boy with the father. 

3. Repression of Oedipus complex causes the superego to undergo its final development. 

In case of the girl, she wants to possess the father and replace the mother. This is known as ‘Electra complex’. She exchanges her original love object (the mother) for a new love object (the father). This occurs because she realizes she does not have a protruding sex organ (the penis) instead she has only a cavity. Several important consequences follow this traumatic discovery : 

1. She holds her mother responsible for this castrated conditioning, thereby weakening her feelings for the mother. 

2. She transfers her love to the father because he has the valued organ. 

3. She envies him as he has the organ. This is known as ‘Penis envy’. It is a female counterpart of ‘Castration anxiety’. 

The girl’s Electra complex goes through some modification due to realistic barriers that prevent her from gratifying the sexual desires for father. It is resolved when the girl surrenders her sexual desires for her father and identifies once again with her mother. 

Adult male fixated at phallic stage behave in a reckless manner and attempts all the time to assert their masculinity. In case of women, fixation results in flirtatiousness, seductive¬ness. Some women become excessively assertive. Fixation at this stage is considered to be a primary source of neurotic pattern. 

Latency : Between the ages of 6 to 7 years the child passes through this stage. The child’s libido is now channelized through sublimation into non-sexual activities such as intellectual pursuits, athletics and peer relations. Latency can be viewed as a preparation for the final stage. The sexual instincts are dormant in this stage because of the development of the ego and superego and also due to physiological changes in the child’s body.

Genital stage : With the onset of puberty contes a resurgence of sexual and aggressive drives, with an increased awareness and interest in the opposite sex. During this stage, the reproductive organs mature, the endocrine system release sex hormones leading to a state of excitability and sexual activity. The early adolescents normally select their romantic partner. They mature into responsible social sexual beings and experience satisfaction through heterosexual relationships. If there is any traumatic experience in early childhood then development during this stage becomes difficult

Modeling involves learning through observation and imitation of others. It is a technique based on social learning theory developed by Bandura. In this technique, the client tries to learn new skills, modify or unlearn maladaptive behaviours by watching any role model displaying the desired behaviour.

Stressors are factors that trigger or cause stress. 

For example: excessive noise, physical injury etc. Stressors can be physiological, environmental, social and psychological.

IQ=\(\frac{MA}{CA}\times 100\)

 where IQ = Intelligence Quotient 

MA – Mental Age 

CA – Chronological Age.

The full form of SCII is Strong Campbell Interest Inventory.

Biases in attribution are errors committed while ascribing the reasons behind other’s and our own behaviour. Attribution biases are mostly cognitive and perceptual in nature. 

1. Self-serving bias : This bias involves ascribing all successes (positive events) to internal (own character) or dispositional causes and all failures (negative events) to external causes. It mainly occurs because we expect to succeed in life. Then we tend to ascribe our successes to internal causes.

For example: a person getting a promotion ascribes it to his hard work, sincere efforts to each deadlines, dedication and commitment towards work (Internal causes). The same person when refused promotion may ascribe it to unfair boss, flaws in the management, luck (External causes). 

After a football team has soundly beaten an opponent, usually we hear from the opponent that it was bad luck, the field conditions were poor (External causes). On the other hand, the team who has won does not believe it was bad luck at all. They think they are better. The tendency to take credit for success and deny responsibility for failure is known as the self- serving attributional bias. 

2. Counterfactual thinking : Counter- factual thinking is so named as it includes thoughts that is ‘counter to the facts’ i.e., different from reality. It is the tendency to judge any situation in life by thinking about a perfect alternative to it. Counterfactual thinking are those thoughts which make the person think over the differences in his/ her situation if things had occurred differently in her past. It is described as ‘what might have been if… ’ thought process. 

For example : Suppose a person takes an important exam and gets a score of C, much lower than what the person expected. Thoughts that usually come to most people in such a situation is ‘what might have been’ receiving a higher grade and reflect on how they could have obtained that better outcome. “If only I would have studied more or come to classes more often”, may be the thoughts. The person may actually formulate plans to do better the next year. 

Athletes who win bronze medals at the Olympics report that they often imagine not winning any medal at all. Both negative and positive feelings are generated through counterfactual thinking. When a person imagines better outcomes than actually what has occurred, he/she experiences negative feelings of regret, envy (upward counterfactual thinking). On the contrary, when the person imagines worse outcomes than actually what has occurred they may experience positive feelings of satisfaction (downward counterfactual thinking). 

Counterfactual thinking can also help individuals understand why negative or disappointing outcomes occurred. This in turn can help people plan changes in behaviour or adopt new strategies that can improve our future performances. By engaging in counter- factual thinking an individual can learn from past experiences and can make profit from their mistakes.

Exercises is very necessary for good health. One such exercise which is a complete package is early morning walk be it in summer or winter. Walking through the city in the early hours of the morning one gets to see a totally different view one’s nature place. Agra at 6 p.m. is entirely different from the Agra at 10 a.m., 2 p.m. or 8 p.m. 

I go for morning walk to Paliwal Park which is situated in the heart of the city. It is about 2.5 km from my house to reach there. I have to cross through a lot of markets, bazars and shopping complexes at the normal hour of the day it would take a person even on a two wheeler atleast 20 minutes or even more to reach there. At 6.30 a.m. there is a quietness prevailing the entire area. Two or more street dogs can be seen I near the garbage heaps looking for crumbs thrown by the people the night before. One or two autorickshaws can be seen flying on the road. It seems people travelling by rail or bus have moved out early from there houses to catch their transport well in time. 

Near a crossing, I was lucky to escape colliding with a car moving at break neck speed. I was moving at the side of the road but since it was fdggy and the car was at high speed, the driver missed seeing the cow crossing the road to save collision, he swerved the car to his left and missed hitting me by a few inches. I yelled a few mouthfull of obscenities at him and at the same time thanked God that I was safe. The park was just around 100 metres and I could hear the chirping of the birds, parrots and pigeons were flying from one branch of a tree to another. Amidst the sheet of thin white fog the colourful flowers in the park gave a solace to the heart and was a feast to the eyes. The fragrance of the sweet smelling flowers filled my mind with a freshness which cannot be compared to anything in the world. 

The park was filled with people of various age groups. The cold winter had not prevented these health conscious individuals to stay back in their cozy beds and to put off going for the morning walk the most important nutrient for the healthy body. The pure fresh air of the morning devoid of the poisonous gases inhaled by the innumerable vehicles running to and fro in the city streets gives a boost to the body to battle the days hectic schedule. Words are insufficient to describe the feelings one to must go for a morning walk to experience the great feeling.

import java.util. Scanner; 

public class Emirp 

{ 

int n,rev,f; 

Emirpfint nn) 

{ 

n=nn; 

rev=0; 

f=2; 

} 

intisprime(int x) 

{ 

if(n==x) 

{ 

return 1; 

} 

else if (n%x = = 0 ||n == 1) 

{ 

return 0; 

} 

else 

return isprime(x+1); 

} 

void isEmirp() 

{

int x=n; 

while(x!=0)

 { 

rev=(rev* 10) + x%10; 

x=x/10; 

} 

int ans1=isprime(f); 

n=rev; f=2; 

int ans2=isprime(f); 

if(ans 1 ==1 && ans2==1) 

System. out.println(n+" is anEmirp number"); 

else 

System.out.println(n+" is not an Emirp number"); 

} 

public static void main() 

{ 

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); 

System.out.println("\n Enter a number"); 

int x=sc.nextInt(); 

Emirp obj = new Emirp(x); 

obj.isEmirp(); 

} 

}

Decoders are a combinational circuit which inputs ‘n’ lines and outputs 2n or fewer lines. Encoders convert HLL to LLL i.e. Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal to binary whereas Decoders convert LLL to HLL i.e. Binary to Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal.

Regarding the position of Legislature, the situation remained really paradoxical in the 20th century. In almost all the states, the Legislatures remained working as the major instruments of law-making, custodians of the finances of the nation, as agencies of control over the executive, and as the representatives of the people. On the other hand, however, it was found that the Legislatures came to be dominated by the executives. Almost in all the states, the Legislatures suffered a loss of prestige and role due to the rise of powerful executives.

Reasons behind the Decline of Legislature. Several factors are responsible for the decline of Legislature: 

Increased Burden of Work : The over-burdened Legislature of a contemporary welfare state is required to pass a very large number of laws most of which relate to highly technical spheres. The legislature finds itself living with paucity of time, resources and expertise, and hence has become dependent upon the executive. The latter has the potential to satisfy these needs of the legislature.

Rise of Delegated Legislation : The system of delegated legislation has considerably strengthened the hands of the executive. Every Legislature today, finds itself left with no other alternative except to delegate some of its law¬making powers to the executive. This has become inevitable because of the changes produced by the rise of industrial society and welfare state.

Role of Political Parties : Due to the emergence of political parties, the legislatures all over the globe have suffered a decline. First, because the parties have definitely limited the nature and scope of Legislative debates. The members of the legislature always speak as party-men and in accordance with the directives and interests of the parties to which they belong.

This has adversely affected the quality of the legislative debates. Secondly, the parties have made it possible for the leaders, the power-holders in the executive, to bank upon the committed support by the ‘majority’. The legislatures are under the control of the leaders, who in turn are arch-leaders. As a result of this, most of the Legislators are hardly in a position to assert their independence to any meaningful extent.

Rise of the Administrative State : The rise of the welfare state has been accompanied by a steep increase in the functions and responsibilities of the executive. The welfare state has given rise to the formulation of highly ambitious goals of socio-economic-cultural development. The people now accept and want the executive to run the administration as welfare administration and secure these goals. This has made it essential for the executive to take up new and newer responsibilities. Consequently, there has been a big increase in the quantity of work that the administration of the state has to handle. The modem state has in actual practice come to be an administrative state.

The System of Judicial Review: The system of Judicial Review has been a factor in the decline of legislature. The right of the courts to judge the constitutional validity of laws passed by the legislature and to reject those laws or such parts of the laws as are considered by them as unconstitutional has definitely lowered the prestige of the . legislature.

System of Direct Legislation: It states where the system of direct legislation prevails, the people acting through such devices as referendum and initiative, have the right to pass the final verdict on the fate of the bills passed by the legislature. Under such a system, the prestige of the elected assemblies has suffered a decline.

An interface is just like Java Class, but it only has static constants and abstract method. Java uses Interface to implement multiple inheritances. 

An interface is syntactically similar to a class, but it lacks in field declaration and the methods inside an interface do not have any implementation. 

A class can be instantiated but an interface not.

(i) If it is not raining then it is not cloudy. 

(ii) If it is raining then it is cloudy.

(AB’C + ABC’) (∵x’ + y’ = x’.y’) 

= (AB’C’)’. (A’.B.C’)’ (∵(x’.y’) 

= x’ + y’) = ((A’B’)’ + (C)’. ((A’B)’ + (C’)’) 

= ((A’)’ + (B’)’) + C).((A’)’ + (B)’ + C) 

= (A + B + C).(A + B’ + C) 

= AA + AB’ + AC + BA + BB’ + BC + CA + CB’ + CC (∵x.x = x) 

= A + AB’ + C + AC + AB + B’C + BC

The legislature has the power to amend the constitution. For this purpose, the legislature makes laws called amendments, which are in accordance with the rules laid down in constitution. This is the constituent function of the Legislature.

The minorities need proper representation in the legislature to help make laws that are conducive to their empowerment. Ample representation will help them put forward their issues in the legislature and find solutions accordingly.

The American Constitution is a very rigid constitution. The process of amendment of the constitution is a difficult one. An amendment becomes a part of the constitution only after clearing two stages. First, the proposal for an amendment has to be initiated and passed either by a 2/3rd majority in both the Houses of the Congress or by a special constitutional convention called by the Congress when asked to do by 2/3rd of all the states legislatures. Secondly, after clearing the first stage, the amendment has to secure ratification either by 3/4th of the several state legislatures or by special conventions in 3/4th states.

(X + Y).(X + Y’) = X.1

Given : Force = 150 N, Speed = 10 m/s. 

Power = Force × Speed = 150 × 10 = 1500 Watt

The motion of a planet around the sun in a circular path is due to the centripetal force which is provided by the gravitational force of attraction on the planet by the sun.

(2) Sodium sulphate

(i) When a hot body is mixed (or kept in contact) with a cold body, heat energy passes from the hot body to the cold body, till both the bodies attain the same temperature, if no energy is lost to the surroundings i.e., system is. fully insulated. Heat lost by hot body = Heat gained by cold body. (If the system is fully insulated.) 

(ii) Principle of Calorimetry. 

(iii) Law of conservation of energy.

In December 1941, the Japanese attacked an American naval base in Hawaii, and the United States entered the war against Japan, Germany and Italy. Japan won a series of dramatic victories in the Western Pacific. Malaya and Singapore were overrun, and the retreating Anglo-Indian army surrendered Rangoon without a fight in early March. Soon the Japanese were at India’s eastern frontier, and an invasion of the country seemed imminent. For some time the United States had been pressing Britain to satisfy Indian demands for self-government. But Britain’s Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, was dead-set against this. 

But in March 1940, while Japanese troops were advancing through Burma, it became clear to Churchill that he would have to make some gesture, both to gain the support of the Indian people, and also to satisfy his American allies. 

Late in March, Churchill sent Sir Stafford Cripps, a socialist member of the war cabinet, to negotiate with Indian leaders on behalf of the Government. Cripps brought a new set of proposals. The Government promised ‘the earliest possible realization of self-government in India1. A ‘new Indian union’ would be created which would be a ‘dominion, associated with the United Kingdom and the other dominions by a common allegiance to the Crown, but equal to them in every respect, in no way subordinate1 to them. 

India would be able to frame its own constitution after the war. A new central executive council would operate till then. The net result of this would be that ‘in place of the majority of British members in the existing executive council, there would be an executive council composed of Indians alone, this statement was given by the current Congress President Abul Kalam Azad. This would mean that India would enjoy a significant measure of self-government .even before the conclusion of the war. 

In exchange of these concessions, the British asked for India’s support in its war effort. Leaders of the principal sections of the Indian people were invited to give their active and constructive help in the discharge of a task. This task was vital and essential for the future freedom of India, namely the defeat of the Axis dictatorships. A few leaders of Indian opinion responded favourably to Cripps’s proposals. M. N. Roy, who was the Head of the Radical Democratic Party, supported them on the grounds that the defeat of the axis was the most importafinnt thing at the moment. But practically every other shade of opinion in India found the proposals unacceptable. 

Most parties doubted the truth of Britain’s declared intention to share executive power. They could see that the Indian members of the proposed council could be prevented from taking part in the decision-making process. This happened especially in the critical area of defence. The clause that permitted provinces to break away from the proposed union was very clear. It can be explained as in the eyes of Congress leaders, ‘a severe blow to the conception of Indian unity’, for it admitted the possibility of a separate Muslim state. Muslim leaders felt that the mere possibility was not enough. They claimed that partition was ‘the only solution of India’s constitutional problem.’ 

These were not the only reasons the Cripps offer was rejected. The Indian people were not ready to trust a country that for almost two centuries had betrayed their confidence. It was too late for everything.

This apparent alienation in Europe drove Mussolini even further to Hitler. Mussolini referred to Italy and Germany being the most influential countries in Europe and that all the rest of Europe would revolve around this “axis”. In September 1937, Mussolini visited . Germany. Hitler put on a major display of military power for Mussolini and by the end of the visit; Mussolini became convinced that Germany was the power he should ally with. He was sure that an alliance with Germany would lead to Italy becoming more powerful throughout Europe. As Germany had left the League of Nations in 1933, so Mussolini left the League in 1937 after the League had imposed economic sanctions on Italy for the invasion of Abyssinia. 

In 1938, Germany occupied Austria in the Aeschylus (forbidden by Versailles). Hitler did . not forewarn Mussolini about what he was going to do and this upset Mussolini’s belief that he was an equal partner. However, there was nothing Mussolini could do about the Nazi occupation of Austria and it was clear from 1938 on that Mussolini was definitely the minor partner in the relationship. 

Hitler’s invasion of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 angered Mussolini because it was clear that Germany was carving out its own empire and Italy was not. In May 1939, the Germans and Italians cemented their friendship with the Pact of Steel. This pact committed both countries to support the other if one of them became involved in a war. 

On September 1st, 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. Hitler had informed Mussolini what his plans were and fully expected Italian help. Mussolini, for all his boasts, realized that the Italian Army was not up to fighting in September 1939. Therefore, the Italians did not join in the German attack despite the Pact of Steel.

Appeasement is a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power to avoid war. This term is often in context with a country’s foreign policy. Actually appeasement was followed by Britain first and later on by France. 

The purpose of this policy of Britain was to avoid war with aggressive powers such as Germany, Italy and Japan by giving way to their demands, provided the demands were not too unreasonable. 

The appeasement policy was seen during the Jews and young plans which tried to appease Germany. During this period there was vague feeling that war could be avoided at all cost. 

Hitler violated the clauses of the treaty of Versailles; the League of Nations appeared to be helpless. Britain thus, volunteered, by personal contacts with leaders, to settle disputes. 

The Italian victory at Abyssinia was a grave blow to the League of Nations because this action of Italy proved the ineffectiveness of collective security system. Actually Britain and France were not militarily and economically prepared for war and were anxious to avoid any action which might provoke Italy into war with them. Germany occupied Rhineland, ignoring the treaty of Versailles. Britain and France protested only and it revealed again the weakness of Britain and France.

(a) Two expectations of competitors from a business concern: 

1. To adopt fair trade practices regarding price, quality and service. 

2. To promote co-operation and healthy competition. 

(b) Two suggestions to draw attention of viewers to an advertisement: 

1. It should have an conviction value to attract the attention of the viewers, otherwise without being noticed it would be a wasteful expenditure. 

2. A good advertisement should educate the people by providing adequate knowledge about the product or service, which could help the potential customers to reach a buying decision and ease the usage after buying it. 

(c) Refer Ans. 4. (c), 2016. 

(d) Clearing House Function of RBI: RBI settles the claims of commercial banks through a process of book entry in their respective accounts with RBI. It reduces the chances of financial crisis due to cash withdrawl when it is needed more. 

(e) Brand Equity: It means the economic value associated with a brand strength to gain more and more brand loyalty. It gives an opportunity to capture and maintain a consistent market share. It provides stability to an organisation’s sales volume and stands for a certain level of quality in a customer’s mind.

Rights of Consumer: 

1. Right to Safety: This right protects the customers against the sale of goods which are hazardous to life and property, e.g., electrical equipments, gas cylinders etc. 

2. Right to be heard: The consumer is free to register his complaint regarding the product at appropriate forums.

(i) 

(1) Hypotonic solution. 

(2) Hypertonic solution. 

(3) Isotonic solution. 

(ii) In beaker 3, the concentration of potato cube and the medium is same. So there is no osmosis taking place therefore the size of cube remains same. 

(iii) The concentration of cell sap is higher in the root hair as compared to soil water due to endosmoses is takes place facilitating absorption of water. 

(iv) Osmosis is a process of flow of solvent molecules from lower concentration to higher concentration through a semipermeable membrane. 

(v) Cell wall is freely permeable and cell membrane is semi-permeable.

(i) Penicillium notatum 

(ii) Saccharomyces cerevisiae 

(iii) Bacillus thuringienesis 

(iv) Propionibacterium shermanii 

(v) Trichoderma 

(vi) Rhizohium

(i) Types of gametes = RY Ry rY ry 

(ii) Dihybrid phenotypic ratio =9 : 3 : 3 : 1 

(iii) Law of independent assortment : It states that two different characters or genes assort independently and enter into gametes without influencing each other.

Different types of endosperms in angiosperms are:

1. Free nuclear : It is most common type of endosperm – nuclear division of endosperm is not followed by cell wall formation and nuclei remain free e.g., coconut, water. 

2. Cellular : Division of endosperm nucleus is immediately followed by cell wall formation so endosperm is cellular from beginning e.g., peperomia, villarsia Drimys. 

3. Helobial : It is intermediate between cellular and helobial type. Partition develops which divides endosperm into large micropylar and small chalazal chambers e.g. vallisneria, Erimus,.

Advantages of vegetative propagation :

1. Plants produced by vegetative reproduction are genetically similar to parental type. Thus, the best varieties of potatoes, oranges, apples, etc., can be preserved by vegetative reproduction without loss of their fine quality. In this way, pure lines of desired types can be selected and propagated all over the world. 

2. This is quick method and by this method flowers and fruits can be produced early. 

3. This is more sure method of producing new plants than that of seed reproduction.

4. It is more economical for the plant because no energy is wasted in producing large and showy petals, nectar, fruits, seeds, etc. as in sexual reproduction.

Disadvantages of vegetative propagation : 

1. Due to overcrowding of large number of plants near the parent plants, there is severe competition between the members of the same species. Thus, many plants become weak and stunted. 

2. Over the time there may be degeneration of species due to lack of sexual stimulus. 

3. Due to absence of genetic Variability in vegetative reproductive structure, there may not be evolution of new species.

Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride solution will form  Hydrogen gas at the cathode

import java util. Scanner; 

class Merger 

{ long n1; long n2; 

long mergNum; 

public Merger() 

{ 

n1=1; 

n2=1; 

mergNum=11; 

} 

public void readNum() 

{ 

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in); 

System.out.print("Enter first number:"); 

n1=(int)Math.abs(sc.nextLong()); 

System.out.print("Enter second number:"); 

n2=(int)Math.abs(sc.nextLong()); 

if(n1==0) n1=1; 

if(n2==0) n2=1; 

} 

public void joinNum() 

{ 

String num1 = Long.toString(n1); 

String num2 = Long.toString(n2); 

String merged=num1 + num2; 

mergNum=Long.parseLong(merged); 

} 

public void show() 

{ 

System.out.println("First Number: "+n1): 

System.out.println("Second Number: "+n2): 

System.out.println("Merged Number: "+mergNum): 

} 

public static void main(String args[]) 

{ 

Merger obj=new Merger)); 

obj.readNum(); 

Obj.joinNum(); obj.show)); 

} 

}

(i) Existing code can be reused and functionality can be extended. 

(ii) New members to the derived class can be added. 

(iii) Implementation of existing methods can be replaced by overriding a method that already exists in the base class.

(i) Five valence electrons

(ii) M

(iii) T

(iv) T

1. Propene 

2. Z-Butyne 

3. Ethanal

1. less than (<)

2. less than (<)