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The CORRECT choice is (d) Deficiency CAUSES scurvy

Best explanation: Steroids are complex crystallisable lipids. They are CONSTITUENTS of cell membranes, hormones and some important biochemical like cholesterol, progesterone, oestrogen, testosterone, etc. They are also used medicinally for CORRECTING hormonal IMBALANCE.’

Right choice is (a) CYCLOSPORIN A

To explain: Cyclosporin A is used as an immunosuppressant agent in the ORGAN transplant patients and is produced by the fungus TRICHODERMA POLYSPORUM.

The CORRECT answer is (a) Tissue plasminogen ACTIVATOR

Easiest explanation: Streptokinase is also called as Tissue Plasminogen Activator or TPA which is OBTAINED from haemolytic Streptococcus species and modified genetically to be useful in human BEINGS.

The correct choice is (B) Bacteria

The best I can explain: Streptokinase is produced by the BACTERIUM Streptococcus and is modified by GENETIC engineering to be USED as a clot-buster from removing clots from the blood VESSELS of patients who have undergone myocardial infarction leading to a heart attack.

Correct choice is (a) True

For explanation: After PENICILLIN, other antibiotics were also PURIFIED from other microbes. For example, Erythromycin is OBTAINED from Streptomyces erythreus, Bacitracin is obtained from Bacillus subtilis, NEOMYCIN from Streptomyces fradiae, etc.

The correct choice is (b) Ernest Chain

The explanation: The full POTENTIAL of an antibiotic (Penicillin discovered at that time) was established by Ernest Chain and Howard FLOREY. This antibiotic was extensively used to treat AMERICAN soldiers WOUNDED in World War II.

The correct answer is (a) Against LIFE

The best I can EXPLAIN: Anti is a GREEK word that means ‘against’ and bio means ‘life’, together they mean ‘against life’ (in the context of disease-causing organisms). These antibiotics kill the bacteria or slows down their rate of their REPRODUCTION.

Correct choice is (C) Toddy

To elaborate: Toddy is not an industrial product of microbes. Microbes are used to synthesise several PRODUCTS VALUABLE to human beings. Some of the industrial products of microbes INCLUDE antibiotics, bioactive molecules, enzymes, beverages, etc.

The correct option is (a) True

The BEST I can explain: We can obtain different types of alcoholic drinks by using different raw MATERIALS for fermentation and by using different techniques for processing like processing alcoholic drinks with distillation or without distillation. For example, wine and beer are produced without distillation whereas WHISKY, brandy and RUM are produced by distillation.

Correct choice is (a) Manufacturing of soap

Best explanation: Amylases are starch digesting enzymes that are USED in softening and sweetening of bread, separation and desizing of FIBRES, clearing of starch related turbidity in JUICES and clearing starch related STAINS on utensils and clothes.

The correct answer is (c) Manufacturing of soap

Explanation: Proteases are USED for enhancing tenderness of the meat, extraction of fish liver oil, clarification and chill proofing of alcoholic drinks, SOFTENING of cheese and bread, CLEANING of hides, DEGUMMING of silk, synthesis of glue, etc.

Correct OPTION is (a) Clearing of fruit juices

Explanation: Pectinases are obtained from FUNGI grown on pectin containing media. Pectinases are used in enhancing juice extraction from FRUITS, clearing of fruit juices, REMOVING bitterness, retting of fibres and fermentation of green coffee.

The correct answer is (B) Gluconic acid

Explanation: Gluconic acid is manufactured by the agency of Penicillium purpurogenum, for use as calcium gluconate for providing calcium to infants, lactating MOTHERS and treating milk fever in high milk YIELDING COWS.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Lactic ACID

Easy explanation: Lactic acid was the first ORGANIC acid produced through fermentation. It is obtained by the activity of several bacteria LIKE STREPTOCOCCUS lactis, Lactobacillus bulgaris, etc.

Correct choice is (a) CHEMICALS which INFLUENCE the functioning of the LIVING system

The explanation is: Bioactive substances are those chemicals which influence the functioning of a living system and elicit a RESPONSE for the same. E.g., STATINS, cyclosporine, streptokinase, lectins, etc.

The correct choice is (d) Archaebacteria

Best explanation: Antibiotics are GENERALLY obtained from lichens, fungi, eubacteria and ACTINOMYCETES. Over 7000 antibiotics are known. Every year some 300 NEW antibiotics are DISCOVERED using hypersensitive microorganisms.

The correct choice is (a) For killing essential BACTERIA

Explanation: Antibiotics are not used for killing essential bacteria. They are used as medicines, PRESERVATIVES in PERISHABLE FOOD articles and as feed supplements for ANIMALS especially poultry birds.

The correct answer is (a) Mutation in the pathogen

Easy explanation: PATHOGENS OFTEN develop RESISTANCE to existing antibiotics so that newer antibiotics are required to be produced. The resistance is produced due to the development of copious mucilage, Alternation of the cell membrane of BACTERIA which prevents antibiotic entry and mutation in the pathogen.

Correct choice is (d) PERMITTING the growth of BACTERIA

The explanation: ANTIBIOTIC functions by the disruption of wall synthesis of bacteria, Inhibition of 50 S ribosome FUNCTION, Inhibition of translation, Inhibition of DNA synthesis, Disruption of plasmalemma repair and synthesis, etc.

Correct answer is (a) Waksman

The explanation is: The TERM antibiotics was coined by Waksman in 1942. Clinically, an ANTIBIOTIC is a SUBSTANCE produced by a microorganism which is in low concentration and inhibits the growth and metabolic activity of pathogenic organisms WITHOUT harming the host.

Correct answer is (a) 6-12%

The BEST I can explain: Whisky and other alcoholic drinks are prepared through DISTILLATION as the MAXIMUM content of ALCOHOL in FERMENTATION is 6-12%. The alcohol content is 60-80% in vodka and 40% in both rum and gin.

The correct answer is (a) Wine

For explanation I would say: Champagne is the most POPULAR sparkling wine, sparkling wines are NATURALLY carbonated DUE to the continuation of fermentation after bottling. Other famous wines are port wine and SHERRY wine.

The correct answer is (c) CO2 and ethanol

Easiest explanation: The by-products of alcoholic fermentation are CO2 and ethanol. SEVERAL other chemicals can be FORMED with the CHANGE of nutritive MEDIUM, pH and aeration LIKE n-propanol, butanol, glycerol, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, caproic acid, ethyl acetate etc.

Right option is (d) It CONTAINS 10-27% alcohol

The EXPLANATION is: Beer contains 3-6% alcohol. NUTRIENT medium is barley. Beer is allowed to age before pasteurisation. LARGE beer is prepared by CARRYING out ageing in the cold.

The correct choice is (a) 3-6%

To elaborate: In the case of BEER, the fermented LIQUOR has an alcohol content of 3-6%. The alcohol content is 10-27% in wines, 60-70% in brandy and 95% in rectified SPIRIT.

Correct option is (d) CONCEPTUAL PROCESS

To ELABORATE: Fermentation occurs in 3 ways- batch process, continuous process and FEED batch process. Feed batch process is an intermediate process between batch and continuous processes.

The correct option is (B) False

Explanation: The crushed food MIXED with hot water for obtaining MALT is called mash. The SWEETENED nutrient medium before alcoholic FERMENTATION is called wort.

The correct answer is (a) Barley malt

To elaborate: The nutrient MEDIUM for beer is barley malt. FERMENTED cereals, molasses and JUICES are the nutrient medium for WHISKY, rum and wine respectively.

Correct CHOICE is (b) Wine yeast

Explanation: Saccharomyces ellipsoidens is commonly known as wine yeast. BREWER’s yeast, Sake yeast and ALE yeast are known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces sake and Saccharomyces piriformis RESPECTIVELY.

The correct choice is (a) Louis Pasteur

The best explanation: Louis Pasteur found for the first time that BEER and buttermilk are produced due to the activity of yeast and yeast-like organisms. SACCHAROMYCES cerevisiae is the most COMMON yeast USED.

Right choice is (b) BIOREACTOR

For explanation I would say: The container where fermentation is carried out is called a bioreactor. It has an AERATION system, pH correctors and temperature adjustors. Bioreactors are OFTEN large.

The correct choice is (b) Demagnetisation PROCESS

The BEST I can explain: INDUSTRIAL utilisation of bacteria and other MICROBES involves three processes- laboratory-scale process, pilot plant scale and manufacturing unit. The development from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing unit is called as scaling up.

The correct ANSWER is (c) Yeast

The best I can explain: Amongst heterotrophs, yeast and mushrooms are being raised as SCP. There is increasing USE of low-cost ORGANIC matter for RAISING SCP like FILAMENTOUS fungus and common mushrooms.

The correct answer is (d) The protein content is high

Best explanation: SCP has all the ESSENTIAL AMINO acids. Both autotrophs and HETEROTROPHS are used as SCP. SCP is low in fat content and high in protein content.

Correct OPTION is (a) PROBIOTICS

The best explanation: LIVE microbial food is called as probiotics, therefore single-cell PROTEIN is also referred to as probiotics. It is protein-rich microbial biomass which can be used as food and FEED.

Right CHOICE is (d) Pasteur

Best explanation: In 1864, Pasteur discovered the process of pasteurisation. It is a process of preservation of milk, wine and other liquids by heating for a SHORT period and then cooling SUDDENLY. This KILLS most of the microbes.

Right answer is (B) Traditional drink in some parts of Northern India

Easiest explanation: COCONUT water is FERMENTED to produce a refreshing drink called TODDY. It is a traditional drink in some parts of Southern India. Palm sugar or jaggery is produced by boiling it. Arrack is OBTAINED by the distillation of fermented toddy.

Right option is (b) False

For explanation I WOULD say: A small amount of CURD added to the fresh milk as inoculum contains MILLIONS of LAB, which at suitable temperatures MULTIPLY, thus converting milk to curd, which also improves its NUTRITIONAL quality by increasing Vitamin B12. In our stomach too, the LAB plays a very beneficial role in checking the disease-causing microbes.