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Correct answer is (c) The lactic acid BACTERIUM is the least FAVOURED bacterium

Easy explanation: SAUSAGES are fermented meats which possess PARTICULAR flavour and its taste depends upon the FERMENTING agent. The most commonly employed microbe is a lactic acid bacterium. The bacterium also preserves the sausages.

Correct choice is (c) Penicillium camembertii

To EXPLAIN I would say: Ripening of cheese is carried out with the HELP of specific MICROBES. For example, CAMEMBERT cheese is RIPENED with the help of Penicillium camembertii. Roquefort cheese and Swiss cheese are ripened with the help of Penicillium roquefortii and Propionibacterium sharmani respectively.

Correct OPTION is (b) False

Easy explanation: Moisture content in soft cheese is about 50 PER cent, e.g., Camembert cheese, in semi-soft cheese is about 45 per cent, e.g., Roquefort cheese and HARD cheese is about 40 per cent, e.g., CHEDDAR cheese.

Right CHOICE is (d) Unbreakable cheese

For explanation: Ripening of cheese is CARRIED out to provide cheese with a characteristic texture, FLAVOUR and taste. There are three types of ripened cheese- SOFT cheese, semi-soft cheese and HARD cheese.

Correct choice is (a) Ripened soft CHEESE

For explanation I would say: Cottage milk cheese is an unripened soft cheese which is prepared by inoculating SKIMMED milk first with cheese culture of Streptococcus LACTIS and then rennin or CHYMOSIN which is obtained from a FUNGUS source.

The CORRECT choice is (b) Tempeh

The explanation: Cheese is PRESSED and flavoured milk CURD and more than 2000 varieties of cheese are known. Some of the types include Raw cheese, cottage cheese, SWISS cheese, camembert cheese, Roquefort cheese, ETC.

The correct choice is (B) False

The best I can EXPLAIN: KOUMISS is FERMENTED greyish white milk of EAST European countries which uses a mixture of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactose fermenting yeast. Kefir is fermented milk where a mixture of lactic acid bacteria and yeast are used as kefir grains.

Right option is (b) Mixed with an inoculum containing Streptococcus faecalis

For explanation I WOULD say: Yoghurt is fermented milk. The milk is heated to 80-90°C for half an hour and then it is COOLED to 40-43°C and mixed with an inoculum containing Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Preparation of yoghurt takes APPROXIMATELY 4-5 hours. The original flavour of yoghurt and other fermented KINDS of milk is of acetaldehyde.

Correct option is (b) False

For explanation: Curd is a BETTER product than milk as it REMOVES lactose which some people are allergic. It contains B12 and other VITAMINS. Curd also possesses antimutagenic and anti-cancerous properties.

Right CHOICE is (d) Lactic Acid Bacteria

For explanation: LAB stands for Lactic acid bacteria. Indian curd is prepared from both SKIMMED and cream MILK by inoculating the milk with lactic acid bacteria.

Right answer is (B) Yoghurt

The EXPLANATION is: Soybean products INCLUDE Tempeh, Sofu, Tofu and soy sauce. Sofu and Tofu are cheese-like products of soybean obtained after fermentation with Mucor SPECIES. While tempeh is an Indonesian food formed by FERMENTING, drying, salting and frying of soybean.

The correct option is (a) Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Explanation: Rice and black gram are SOAKED overnight, WASHED, mixed and ground. The MIXTURE is allowed to undergo fermentation with the HELP of Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus faecalis.

The correct answer is (d) Lactase

The best I can EXPLAIN: Baker’s yeast PRODUCES 3 ENZYMES namely-amylase, maltase and zymase. Amylase changes a small amount of starch into maltose. Maltase changes maltose to glucose and zymase ACTS on glucose to form bubbles of ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Correct option is (a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To explain: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is also known as baker’s yeast. This yeast is used for fermenting wheat flour after it is KNEADED. SIMILARLY, the dough which is used for MAKING bread is also fermented using baker’s yeast.

The correct OPTION is (a) RESPIRATORY infections

To elaborate: Adenoviruses cause respiratory infections. These are non-enveloped viruses with a double-stranded DNA GENOME. The following DIAGRAM shows an adenovirus:

Correct answer is (b) False

Easy explanation: Although microbes cause a large NUMBER of diseases in HUMAN beings, various animals and PLANTS, but not all microbes are harmful. Several microbes are useful to HUMANS in diverse WAYS like in household products, industrial products, agricultural products, etc.

Right answer is (a) Microbes are not ideal for BIOTECHNOLOGY

For EXPLANATION: Microbes can be GROWN on artificial cultures media where they form COLONIES. During their metabolism, microbes produce chemicals, some of which are used by human beings. Microbes can live in highly acidic as well as an alkaline medium. Microbes are certainly ideal for biotechnology.

The correct choice is (b) False

For explanation I WOULD say: Microbes occur everywhere- in SOIL, water, air, inside our bodies and that of other ANIMALS and PLANTS. They are present even at sites where no other life-form could possibly exist- sites such as DEEP inside geysers, deep in the soil, etc.

The correct answer is (c) Less than 0.1 mm

To explain I would say: Microbes are MICROORGANISMS which have a SIZE less than 0.1 mm. Besides macroscopic plants and ANIMALS, microbes are the major components of biological SYSTEMS on this EARTH.

Right option is (C) Biogas FORMATION

To ELABORATE: Biogas formation yields manure for two CROPS in one acre and 2m^3 of fuel gas having 9000 kcal of energy with useful one being 2700 kcal and at 30% burning efficiency.

Right ANSWER is (b) False

Explanation: Fuelwood is the commonest SOURCE of ENERGY because it is used for COOKING and HEATING in all places where purchasing power is low or fossil fuels are not available at cheaper prices.

Correct option is (B) EUPHORBIA lathyrus

To elaborate: The first petroplant discovered was Euphorbia lathyrus by CALVIN. 100 tonnes of the dry weight of this petroplant can yield 80 tonnes of crude OIL and 200 tonnes of fermentable SUGARS.

Right answer is (b) renewable source of energy

To ELABORATE: WOOD used as a source of energy is called fuelwood. It is a renewable source of energy which can be HARVESTED even by unskilled LABOURS.

Right OPTION is (b) Calvin

Easy EXPLANATION: Hydrocarbons were first ISOLATED from plant latex by Melvin Calvin. Utilising petroleum plants for energy CROPPING was also suggest by Melvin Calvin.

Right choice is (b) High calorific value

The best I can EXPLAIN: Wood most SUITABLE for fuel should be highly COMBUSTIBLE. It should be HARD and it should have a high calorific value. It should BURN with good flame and sufficient heat.

The CORRECT answer is (c) Sugarcane, POTATO and Tapioca

To elaborate: The various energy CROPS include Sugarcane, Sugar beet, Potato, Tapioca and MAIZE. Energy crops can be USED to produce alcohol and other energy fuels.

Correct answer is (c) Raising trees on common VILLAGE lands

For EXPLANATION I would say: Social forestry is the raising and exploitation of small forests on common village lands, roadsides, RAILWAY embankments and other vacant lands by groups of PEOPLE for obtaining their requirements of firewood, fodder and minor timber at very low COST.

The CORRECT choice is (b) ENERGY cropping

To elaborate: RAISING crops for the production of ethanol is known as energy cropping. Fermentation is CARRIED out with the help of Yeast. After fermentation, ALCOHOL is separated through distillation.

The CORRECT option is (d) ANIMAL energy and biofuels

The best explanation: BIOENERGY is the energy obtainable from biological sources i.e. living organisms, their wastes and RESIDUES. This includes animal energy and biofuels.

Correct ANSWER is (b) False

Explanation: Pyrolysis of wood yields CHARCOAL, pyroligneous acid, tar, oil, wood alcohol and wood GAS. Pyrolysis is heating of wood and waste wood to HIGH TEMPERATURE in the absence of air.

The correct answer is (d) Biomass

The BEST explanation: Bioenergy is obtained from biomass. Biomass is the organic matter present in LIVING organisms and their wastes. All the biomass has been PRODUCED with the help of SOLAR energy REACHING the earth.