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सही विकल्प है (D) डिबेन्चर

उपरोक्त विधान सत्य हैं क्योंकि रूपान्तरणीय ऋण-पत्र के रूप में लगाई गई पूँजी उधार स्वरूप की पूँजी होती है, जो कि सुरक्षित लेनदार कहे जाते हैं । लेकिन ऋण-पत्र की रकम को अमुक समय के पश्चात् सामान्य अंश Equity Share के रूप में परिवर्तित कर दिया जाता है । जब सामान्य अंश में परिवर्तित होने से उधार स्वरूप की पूँजी का मालिकी स्वरूप में परिवर्तन हो जाता है, अर्थात् ऐसे ऋणपत्र का पुनः जन्म मालिक के रूप में होता है, ऐसा कहा जाता है ।

वित्त (द्रव्य) यह एक ऐसी धुरी है कि जिसके आसपास सभी आर्थिक प्रवृत्तियाँ घूमती रहती है । धन्धाकीय पूँजी को मानव शरीर के रक्त के साथ तुलना की जा सकती है । जितना महत्त्व मानवशरीर में रक्त का होता है, उतना ही महत्त्व धन्धाकीय इकाई में वित्त का है । इकाई की समग्र प्रवृत्तियों को समयानुसार चलाने के लिए वित्त की योग्य व्यवस्था जरूरी है । पूँजी के बिना धन्धाकीय इकाई के व्यवहार नहीं हो सकते ।

धन्धे में वित्त की कमी के कारण अनेक समस्याओं का सामना करना पड़ता है । जैसे कि लेनदारों को भुगतान में देरी होने से इकाई की शान में कमी आती है । जिसके कारण कई बार तो लाभदायी निवेश के उत्तम अवसर खोने पड़ते है व नकद बट्टे का लाभ खोना पड़ता, कच्चे माल का क्रय समय पर नहीं कर सकते इत्यादि, इनके लिए पर्याप्त प्रमाण में पूँजी की आवश्यकता होती है ।

Answer is (A) Lift

Mica is available in Nellore

(B) Limestone

कन्वर्टिबल डिबेन्चर के सामान्य अंश में परिवर्तित होने से कम्पनी उधार स्वरूप की पूँजी को मालिकी स्वरूप में परिवर्तित कर सकती है, जिससे कम्पनी को डिबेन्चर की रकम व ब्याज चुकाने की आवश्यकता नहीं होती । ऋण-पत्र धारक को अपने आप अंशधारी के रूप में लाभ मिल जाता है, जिसमें बोनस शेयर, अधिकार के अंश, अधिक लाभांश इत्यादि द्वारा कम्पनी के विकास में हिस्सेदार बनने का अवसर मिलता है । इससे भारत में डिबेन्चर लोकप्रिय हुए हैं ।

(D) All the above

Environmentalists differentiate between two kinds of resources- renewable and nonrenewable resources.

Granite is available in Chittoor

Non-renewable resources: The resources which are not possible to regenerate.

Renewable resources: Renewable resources are those which can be regenerated like wood.

Answer is (C) Coal

C) Wood is a renewable resource.

Minerals usually occur deep in the earth. The things which we get from the earth is property of government. They, in fact, do not belong to any particular owner but belong to all people of the country and have to be used in everyone’s interest. So government uses the minerals by keeping this in view.

(B) Non-renewable

Barytes available in the upper layers are of lower grade while those mined from depth are of higher grade. Quality is determined by the grain size of the stone.

(D) Feldspar

Upper layer barytes are in grey colour.

Coal: It is a fuel mineral. It is called Black gold.

Answer is (B) Barytes

(C) Both A & B

(D) All the above

Granite is used for cutting and polish industries.

Barytes: It is a mineral that is widely used in extracting natural gas and oil.

1. There are different types of resources, who supports to a country’s development. 

2. Human resources take a vital role by the usage of natural resources. 

3. Mineral resources is the most precious transfer for the economy. 

4. Extraction of minerals is a good source of employment opportunities. 

5. Many basic minerals are necessary to run industries. 

6. Minerals are useful for the development of agricultural sector. 

7. Minerals are also help to develop transport facilities.

(D) Mica (Abhrakan)

Underground water renews itself. We can help to increase it in the following ways.

1. Rainwater harvesting pits should be dug. 

2. Trees also increase underground water, so trees should be grown. 

3. The excess water in fields should be collected in a pond and maked them to absorb in the ground. 

4. Unused drainage canals can be modified to increase recharge.

(C) Both A & B

India is underdeveloped country immediately after independence. These mines yield income to the government and also get royalty, when the mines were given to others. So I think this is the contribution of mining to economy. 

Note: 

The bove given answer is an example. Students can write the minerals found in their own districts by seeing the map.)

GDP Deflator = \(\frac{Nominal GDP}{Real GDP} \times 100\)

= \(\frac{3000}{2500} \times 100 = 120\)

The people, who work in mines, mainly have a chance of getting lung problems, knee pains and eyesight. There is a chance of occurring accidents also.

While being employed they may get diseases according to the nature of their work, 

e.g :

1. Throat problems to teachers. 

2. eyesight and joint pains to drivers. 

3. backbone pains to coolies.

There is a chance of mental problems to workers who work with tension and stress. Doing pranayama, meditation, and walking etc., are some steps to be followed by them.

The workers in mines should wear mask (nasal), shoes, gloves. The machines in the mines should be checked daily, properly and thoroughly.

Doctors and oxygen cylinders should be in reach.

Answer is (A) Kolar

If the mines are not provided with machines, human labour is needed more. If they are provided with machines, vice-versa, 

e.g : 

In recent past the coal in mines was taken to lifts in trolleys. At present it is through conveyor belt. Because of the usage of machines, the percentage of recruitments in mines is decreased.

The income received through this should be spent on developmental activities of transport facilities, health facilities, and other subsidies to the people.

Mineral Resources of Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh is very rich in mineral resources. It is a large producer of granites of various colours, Kadapa stones, etc., used in buildings. It also produces limestone and dolomite used in cement industry. Northern districts have large coal deposits (Kothagudem in Godavari valley) while the Krishna Godavari basin has great potential for mineral oil and gas. AP is historically known for its famous diamond mines too and some of the largest diamonds in the world were found here.

There are three methods of measuring national income viz., 

1. Income Method 

2. Expenditure Method and 

3. Product method.

There are three methods of measuring national income, they are as follows:

(a) Product methods or output method: Under this method, a census of all goods and services are conducted to get the correct picture of total national production. While,calculating total volume of goods and service, the following four items are to be included.

1. All kinds of consumption goods and services. 

2. Gross domestic investment, which includes inventories, capital formation, construction of houses etc. 

3. Production in the public sector. 

4. Export minus imports.

(b) Income method: National income is the result of the combined and co-operative efforts put in by all factors of production. Alter employing them, we have to remunerate them in the form of rent, wages, interest and profits.

This method may be represented in the following equation. Y = (r + w + i + p) + (X – M) + (R – P), where r – rent, w – wages, i – interest, p – profit, X – exports, M imports, R – receipts, P – payments.

(c) Expenditure method: Incomes earned by factor inputs are spent on buying different goods and services. If we add the total expenditure incurred by all people in a years’ time, then we get total income of the people. Income determines the expenditures. All kinds of expenditures are to be taken into account while calculating the national income of a country. They are

i. Personal consumption expenditures of all people on all kinds of goods and services. 

ii. Gross domestic investment or investment expenditures made by all businessmen in a year. 

iii. Gross Governments’expenditure on all kinds of goods and services. 

iv. Net foreign investment, exports – imports. 

This method may be represented with the help of the following equation. 

Y = (C +I + G) + (X – M) + (R – P), where, C – Consumption, I – Investment, G – Government’s Investment, X – exports, M – Imports, R – Receipts and P – Payments.

GNP_MP = private consumption expenditure + govt, final consumption expenditure( gross fixed capital formation + change in stock or inventory investment) + net export + net factor income from abroad

= 475 + 175 + 101 (i.e., 48 + 15+ 38) + 15 + 13

= ₹779 crores.

GN_PC = GNPUD – net indirect taxes 

= 779 – 8 = ₹771 crores

A simple economy is a clased economy in which there is no government or external trade or savings.

Alfred Marshall, Prof.A.C Pigou and J.R.Hicks say that there is a close relationship between economic welfare and national income, because both of them are measures in terms of money. When National income increases, total welfare also increases and vice versa.

The effect of national income on economic welfare can be studied in two ways:

• By change in the size of national income. 
• By change in the distribution of National income.

(i) The change in the size of National Income: The positive change in the national income increases its volume. As a result people consume more of goods and services, which leads to increase in the economic welfare. Whereas the negative change in national income, results in reduction of its volume. People get lesser goods and services for consumption which leads to decrease in economic welfare.

(ii) The change in the distribution of National Income: The distribution of national income takes place in two ways, firstly, by transferring wealth from poor to rich and secondly from the rich to the poor. But, it is advisable to follow the second way in distribution of national income.

The actual relation between the distribution of national income and economic welfare concerns the transfer of wealth flow from the rich to the poor. The redistribution of wealth in favour of the poor is brought about by reducing the wealth of the rich and increasing the income of the poor.

Thus, the increase in national income leads to increase in economic welfare provided that the income of the poor increases instead of decreasing and they improve their standard of living and that the income of the rich decreases in such a way that their productive capacity, investment and capital accumulation do not decline.

a) Pros: 

A New National Mineral Policy was announced in 1993, and the government allowed private companies to lease mines and operate them. The companies were to pay a royalty to the government for the minerals they extracted and sold. In this way the government could retain regulatory control over the mining, get income from them and at the same time encourage private companies to invest money and bring in new technologies. 

Cons: 

On the other hand, there has also been uncontrolled mining by the private companies far in excess of the permits given to them and disregard for environmental and safety measures. Excess mining means that more quantity is mined than is sustainable on a long term. It also means that the minerals are taken away by companies without paying royalty to the government – thus the people to whom the minerals really belong to do not get anything. It can also be environmentally very harmful.

b) Mines should be under the control of the government. If they are given to others, there should be the supervision of higher officials and local people.

c) Preference should be given to the mining people, who are interested in underground mining. The pit and the mound of rubble which is created should be properly disposed of. Necessary steps should be taken to control the sand pits.

1. In 1970s the government took over all the mines. 

2. Then it owned and operated most of the mines and sold the minerals to various factories or traders or exported them. 

3. The income thus received by the government is being spent on developmental activities of the people.

1. The value of GNP decreases due to reduction in NFIA. 

2. General unemployment level increases. 

3. Foreign exchange rate increases.

Most of the mining practices result in disturbing the surface area – it can mean cutting down forests, destroying fields and habitations, creating large pits or mounds. Mines also need large amounts of water to wash the minerals. This results in polluting the nearby rivers and water sources. This usually means that older use of the land cannot be continued and farmers or tribal people have to leave the land. Even people who live nearby face problems created by mining. At the same time mining employs a large number of people who come to live in nearby areas and build new townships. It thus provides livelihood for nearly ten lakh people in India and over one lakh people in Andhra Pradesh. The work of miners is also very hazardous, as they are constantly exposed to accidents besides breathing in poisonous substances which cause long term health damage.

 Relate and complete the identities/equations in column A with column B.

When compared to underground mines, the open casts are less expensive. Machines can be used widely in these. So SCCL is interested in open casts.

(b) The ratio of nominal to real GDP.

1. Neglect of transfer payments. 

2. Lack of reliable data. 

3. Income from illegal activities. 

4. Problem of double counting.