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The law is known as Charle's law.

Charle's law:- Pressure remaining constant, the volume of a given mass of a gas increases or decreases by 1/273 of its volume at 0°C for every one degree centigrade rise or fall in temperature.

Mathematically.

V_t = V₀ + {V₀}/{273}t

= V₀(1 + {t}/{273}) = V₀({273 + t}/{273})

Where V_t is the volume of the gas at t°C and V₀ is its volume at 0°C.

(i) It has stronger electrostatic forces than metallic bond in sodium. 

(ii) Copper is a pure element while brass is an alloy. Pure metal is more malleable. 

(iii) SiO₂ has covalent bonds while CO₂ has only Van der waal’s forces (molecular solid). Hence SiO₂ has higher heat of fusion. 

(iv) Below 277 K and above 277 K, water expands hence its volume increases, density decreases and is maximum at 277 K 

(v) At 0°C or 273 K, its density is less than that of water hence floats.

It is critical temperature (Tc)

Answer is (A) 3 units

Given point is P(3,4, 5).

Distance of P from yz-plane = |x coordinate of P| = 3

The coordinate of the cube whose edge is 2 units, are:

(2, 0, 0), (2,2, 0), (0, 2, 0), (0, 2,2), (0, 0,2), (2,0, 2), (0, 0, 0) and (2,2, 2)

These refer to movement involving large muscles. They need coordination and balance, e.g. running, hopping, jumping, climbing, etc. Through play activity Gross Motor skills are developed.

There are lot of exercise guidelines at childhood stage for proper growth and development of children. They are: 

Exercises in early childhood: Physical activity is important to many aspects of child health and development. Exercises have a positive impact on the domains of motor skills and Psychological well being. Alarming trends in childhood obesity among pre-school children have refocused attention on the importance of physical activity in this age group. At this age group organized physical activity is recommended such as 

(a) Running 

(b) Jumping 

(c) Ball games 

(d) Gymnastics 

(e) Swimming

Exercise guidelines for Later childhood: Fine motor skills becomes more refined so allow these individuals to play individual and group games. They begin to use logic and reasoning in order to achieve their goal. Physical activity programming helps to improve psychological outcomes such as self concept, as well as improving mood and other aspects of well being. Activity included for this age group in: 

(a) Structured and unstructured opportunities. 

(b) Team games to develop social skills. 

(c) Aerobics. 

(d) Shorter bouts of combative sport. 

(e) Callisthenics and light resistance exercises.

Children get 'Genes' for all the developments from their parents. It is usually seen that motor development of a child follows the same type of character as of his/her parents. Many attributes like height. body weight, muscle mass, etc. are acquired from parents.

Being physically active everyday is important for the healthy growth and development of babies, toddlers and preschoolers. For this age group light activity and more energetic physical activity is recommended. 

For: Babies should be encouraged to be active throughout the day. Before baby begins to crawl, encourage them to be physically active by reaching and grasping, pulling, pushing, moving their head, body limbs during daily routine. Give them safe, supervised and nurturing play environment. 

Toddlers: Children who can walk on their own should be physically active. The activities such as: 

(i) Rolling 

(ii) Playing

(iii) Skipping

(iv) Hopping

(v) Running

(vi) Jumping

(vii) Climbing stairs

(viii) Ball games

(ix) Riding a bike 

(x) Playing in water 

These are more energetic activity and the best way for this age group to get moving. 

All children aged five: The children at the age of five should be able to ride cycle, run faster than before, Jump higher, throw far, dance, callisthenics movements, skip, hop etc., children under five should not be inactive for long periods, travelling by car or bus, watching T.V etc. as it is not good for a child's health and development. There's growing evidence that such behaviour can increase their risk of poor health. The organized activities such as: 

(a) Dance 

(b) Gymnastics 

(c) Swimming 

(d) Skipping rope 

(e) Jumping on Trampoline 

(f) Climbing.

Few guidelines for different stages are:

(a) Regular physical activity helps to improve overall health and fitness and reduces the risk of many chronic diseases. 

(b) Physical activity in infants and young children is necessary to healthy growth and development. Children younger than 6 should be physically active in ways appropriate for their age and stage of development. 

(c) Young people need to do three types of physical activity each week: Aerobic exercise and exercises to strengthen bones and muscles. 

(d) The amount of physical activity you need to do each week in determined by you age. 

(e) Shift the activity step by step as per your age from light exercise to moderate and then Vigrous. 

(f) Atleast 45 min to one hour of physical activity is everyday recommended. 

(g) For adolescents, on three days a week, these activities should involve exercises for strong muscles, such as push ups and exercises for strong bones, such as Jumping and running. 

(h) List of activities include cycling, running, swimming, gymnastics, aerobics, brisk walk, skating, football, martial arts etc.

(i) At the age group 16-18 years and beyond can include resistance exercises with weight or dumbells.

Physical activity improves both physical and mental health of children. It boosts the energy level which enhances children's immune system. It leads to good sensory motor development. Physical wellness decreases the risk of cardiovascular problems.

Standing posture: Standing posture is affected by factors such as health, body built and occupation. In the standing position, the posture with perfect alignment, a straight line should pass through the ear lob, centre of shoulder joint, upward-forward of pelvis to help decrease the curve of lower back, the abdomen flattened, the base is firm on both the feet which places less strain on the leg muscles and the body weight can be transfered along the entire longitudinal arch of the foot. 

Sitting posture: About 65-67 per cent of the work hours is in sitting position. Body balance and alignment are two essential considerations in sitting. While sitting the body weight should first be placed on the front edge of the chair, then support the seat. Make full use of the chair seat with the body against the back of the chair. Keep the back straight.

Weight training is the different sets of exercises with weight or dumb-bell for the development of strength in the body. Weight training exercise includes bench press, leg press, half squat, full squat, two arm curl, shoulder shrug, etc. It exercises our muscles and makes them stronger.

(a) Infant ( 0 to 2 years)

(b) Early Childhood ( 2 to 6 years)

(c) Middle childhood ( 7 - 10 years)

 (d) Latter childhood ( 11 -12 years)

While exercising, if you fail to control balance in your body, it may cause muscle pull or tear inside. When you are using weight, remember to stretch all your body parts before you attempt to lift weight. While using barbell, take support or have a companion otherwise it can lead to getting trapped underneath the barbell.

Posture: Posture varies from individual to individual. Posture means position or pose. The way an individual carries himself while sitting, standing and walking. There are numerous concepts and views regarding human posture and its significance- "The best posture is that in which the body segments are balanced in the position of least strain and maximum support," according to Metheny. The general characteristics of a good posture are-erectness, balance, alignment and ease. In good postural body alignment, the centre of gravity of all the segments such as head, neck and trunk will fall as nearly in a straight vertical line which passes nearly through the centre of the feet.

Various precaution to be taken for weight training are:

(a) Warm up first 

(b) Concentrate on whole body fitness first 

(c) Use light weights initially and then progress step by step. 

(d) Use age appropriate weight only. 

(e) Always take help of partner while using barbells. 

(f) Workout only under the expert guidance or gym trainer. 

(g) Weight training session is only 3-4 days a week. 

(h) Children should not be allowed to lift heavy weight, it will suppress thin muscles and also make muscles more bulging. 

(i) Cool down after weight training session.

Weight training is a very good exercise for getting your entire body in good shape. Various advantages of weight training exercises are: 

(a) Increase in muscle strength: Weight training is very good for the development of strength in the body. Training with weights increases muscle mass and hypertrophy of the muscles which contribute to strength in the muscles. 

(b) Increases bone strength: Weight training improves bone density. The increase in bone density makes the bones stronger. 

(c) Effective weight control: With weight training, we burn calories more efficiently. Regular exercises reduces the chances of getting obese, go for weight training with light weight. It tones up your muscles and keeps your weight under control. 

(d) Better body posture and looks: Children believe in motor development. They want to look superior than other. Their appearance and self-esteem are improved. A good posture always appeal your personality. Weight training helps in development of good size, shape, structure and looks. 

(e) Better sports performance: All the games and sports professionals go for weight training programme in their training schedule. Weight training has significant benefit in gaining muscle strength, endurance and balance. These benefits enhance overall sports performance of the children.

Disadvantages of weight training are: The primary disadvantage is safety. Do not exercise yourself. Take help of expert or companion. Keep yourself safe while using barbell, otherwise there are chances of getting trapped under it. Another disadvantage is causing injury to your own body. When you fail to maintain control while exercising, there are chances of sprain or strain. Use of heavy weight causes internal injury. Stiffness in muscles is a common problem. Weight training also leads to muscle cramps because of imbalance in the level of electrolytes and dehydration.

Advantages are: 

(a) Increased bone strength 

(b) Improved sports performance. 

(c) Good size, shape, structure and looks. 

(d) Control you weight.

Correct option is (a) Commitments

Advantages of weight training:

(a) It is the best way of getting the entire body in good size, shape and structure. 

(b) Weight training is good for the development of upper body strength as well as the lower section of the body. 

(c) It is the best way to keep your muscles well toned and in a fit condition. 

(d) It also contributes to effective weight control because weight training reduces the chances of getting obese. 

(e) It develops good strength, endurance and balance. Weight training is suitable for all the games and sports and contributes to better results in performance.

Disadvantages:

(a) Stunted growth: Since children are in a developing stage lifting heavy weight can be stressful for young muscles. Therefore, they should go in for light weight strength training programme. 

(b) Supervision: Exercise should be performed carefully and under the supervision of trainer otherwise there are chances of injury. Injury can take place because of lack of supervision due to faulty equipment or while lifting barbell or overloading, etc. 

(c) Flexibility: After weight training, one must relax muscles or cool down to avoid stiffness, pain or muscle cramps. Stiffness causes flexibility problem. 

(d) Injury: The primary concern is actually safety. Don't exercise with weight, by yourself, take support from a companion. The most frequent safety problem arises while using a barbell. It can cause injury.

Correct option is A. Quality of work life

Physical benefits of exercise: A physically active lifestyle helps children generate more energy, control weight, manage stress, and boost immune system. It provides psychological and emotional benefits, contributing to sense of competence and well-being. It offers protection against heart diseases, diabetes, high blood pressure, depression and anxiety. Exercise increases physical capacity so that children are better able to meet the challenges of daily life with energy and vigour. 

Physiological benefits of exercise: Participation in games and sports provides sufficient exercise to human body. There are games which are vigorous than others; so, it depends upon the activity undertaken and the nature of sports. General physical fitness programmes help children keep physiologically fit even at old age. It brings about significant improvement in the fitness of an individual. Regular participation improves shape and strength of muscles as well as the growth and development of bones. It also improves circulatory, respiratory, digestive and excretory systems. It also helps in greater muscular coordination. Therefore, children should do exercise regularly and properly to get physiological benefits of exercise throughout their life.

Correct option is D. Short term goal perspective

The term self-esteem refers to values, beliefs and attitudes. It is described as a person's overall sense of self-worth. It is the assessment of one's own appearance, attitudes, emotions and behaviour. So, it is a global evaluative dimension of the self. 

Types of self-esteem 

(a) High self-esteem 

(b) Low self-esteem

(a) High self-esteem: A person with high self-esteem thinks very high of himself. In general they are normal people having certain characteristics. They 

(i) can easily express their opinion. 

(ii) are fearless and can talk to anybody. 

(iii) love to participate in group activities. 

(iv) are confident and aware about personal strength. 

(v) are optimistic in life. 

(vi) have a cooperative and helping attitude. 

(vii) trust others and are aware of personal limitations. 

(b) Low self-esteem: Those with low self-esteem generally feel themselves to be unworthy, incapable and incompetent. Generally, they do not value their qualities. They 

(i) are extremely critical of themselves. 

(ii) ignore their positive qualities. 

(iii) have a negative attitude and blaming behaviour. 

(iv) have inferiority complex. 

(v) are affraid of taking risks. 

(vi) do not trust others.

Some of the causes of low self-esteem may include the following: 

(a) Unhappy childhood due to poor parenting. 

(b) Breakdown of close relationship. 

(c) Chronic sickness. 

(d) Poor mental health and fitness. 

(e) Poor performance in academics and at workplace.

It is a term used in psychology to reflect a person's overall evaluation of his/her own worth. It is what we think of ourselves. It is a feeling of personal capacity and worth.

The following symptoms appear: 

(a) Always compares his/her body with others. 

(b) Stay lonely and mostly in the house. 

(c) Less participation in activities. 

(d) Low self-esteem. 

(e) Criticise one's own body image. 

(f) Unhealthy eating habits.

Stress that continues without relief can lead to a condition is called distress, a negative stress reaction. Distress can lead to physical symptoms like headaches, upset stomatch, elevated blood pressure, chest pain, etc.

Trait anxiety is an integral part of an individual's personality. It refers to the individual's tendency to classify environmental events as either threatening or non-threatening. Whereas state anxiety is an emotional response to a specific situation. It results in a feeling of fear. tension or apprehension.

(a) Lack of concentration 

(b) Short temper 

(c) Aches and pains 

(d) Diarrhoea or constipation 

(e) Lack of judgement 

(f) Nail biting 

(g) Insomnia 

(h) Sweating, etc.

There are two types of stress: 

(a) Acute stress 

(b) Chronic stress. 

(a) Acute stress: It is a short term stress and does not harm much. 

(b) Chronic stress: It has a wearing effect on people. It can become a very serious health risk if it continues for a long period of time.

(a) Uncertainty about result: Competitions provide challenge and stimulation. It is a field of unpredictability. The outcome is not known. One is under pressure to perform. 

(b) Level of competition: The more important the contest is, the greater is the stress or level of anxiety to perform. 

(c) Expectations of spectators: Spectators have a major role or impact on how an athlete feels. It is more when it is home advantage venue. 

(d) Possibility of getting hurt: It can be a source of anxiety especially in games like boxing, martial arts, gymnastics, etc. because the chances of injury are more. 

(e) Expectation of success: Some athletes take up the challenge and are psyched up to perform better and get success whereas some others not coming up to the expectations are psyched-out which causes failure.

Aggression is of two types: 

(a) Hostile Aggression: Hostile aggression is when the main aim is to cause harm or injury to your opponent. For example, a bowler sending a bouncer to distract the concentration of batsman. 

(b) Instrumental Aggression is when the main aim in achieving the goal by using aggression. For example, a rugby player using aggression to tackle his opponent to win the ball. The player is not using the aggression to hurt his opponent but rather to win the ball back. Experienced athletes use instrumental Aggression. The player is not having any grudges and shake hands when playing against each other.

It means a 'disturbed state' of the body. It is an emotional reaction to a situation in which nervous system and glands play a crucial role. This reaction raises the level of human mind. In medical terminology, anxiety is defined as "apprehension of danger accompanied by restlessness and a feeling of oppression in the epigastrium." It leads to variety of Physiological reactions such as-

(i) Increased heart rate

(ii) Rapid shallow breathing

(iii) Sweating

(iv) Muscle tension

(v) Drying of mouth.

Aggression refers to a range of behaviour that can result in both physical and psychological harm to oneself, others or objects in the environment. This type of social interaction centres on harming another person, either physically or mentally.

Aggression occurs because frustration arises due to goal blockage. Situational and personal factors play a role in causing a person to behave aggressively. For example, a frustrated Tennis player taking his anger out on the racket by smashing it down on floor after a bad shot.

(a) According to Robert N. Singer, Sports psychology studies the behaviour of an athlete. It is also the psychology of motor learning. "sports psychology encompasses various branches of psychology as they are related to our ability to understand an athlete's performance, how to make it better, and how to improve exercise programmes," Singer said. 

(b) According to Williams, "sports psychology focuses on understanding psychological theories that can be applied in sports and enhance the performance and personal growth of athletes." 

(c) According to Clarke and Clarke, "sports psychology is concerned with the personality, emotional aspects of physical education and sports activities, which employ various techniques used in psychology."

It means playing within the rules of a sport at a very high intensity with no intention to harm one's opponent.

A Sportsperson has some physical limitations in displaying his performance. To overcome these handicaps capacity psychological approach may help the individual to perform beyond his capacity. Physical educationists. coaches and trainers have realised the importance of psychological preparation of athletes, before, during and after the competition. Hence, psychology is emerging as a new branch termed as sports Psychology to achieve better results in sports like: 

(a) Analyze the behaviour of sportsman and his psychic state. 

(b) Identify talent for specific sports. 

(c) Create better learning situation. 

(d) Stabilizing the performance for a longer period. 

(e) Assessing and correcting psychological disorders. 

(f) Encouraging the players to make a comeback in professional sports.

The physiological mechanism behind endurance and speed development is different and often conflicting due to hormonal responses — anabolic (speed) versus catabolic (endurance). Speed development involves high-force output (vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces), greater stride frequency and predominantly anaerobic respiration (small amounts of ATP/energy supply). So longer rest periods will be required after speed work. Endurance development, on the other hand, utilises the aerobic respiration (a large amount of ATP/ energy supply) with lower force output and stride frequency. So the recovery is much faster. Depending on the events, that is, short (middle distance) and long, both speed and endurance are vital aspects of overall running performance.

However, it is important to assess an individual’s requirement before prescribing speed and endurance training. If a runner lacks speed but has a good foundation in endurance, then focussing a block (six to eight weeks) of training on speed development, such as intervals at varying intensity, can be useful. But care must be taken with speed training, for it can be very demanding, particularly for novice runners. The volume should be gradually increased (10-20 per cent) weekly. A runner can also maintain speed and endurance by alternating training methods within the week. 

For example, day one can focus on speed (intervals at various speed), and day two can focus on endurance work (steady, low-intensity runs). If an individual intends to train speed and endurance on the same day (less ideal due to the conflicting hormonal response), then speed work should be done first as the quality of speed deteriorates after a high volume of endurance work.

Sobi can types 108 words in 6 min.

In 1 min, she can type = 108/6 = 18 words

Thus, in 30 min, she can type = 18 x 30 = 540

A car covers a distance in 40 min with an average speed = 60 km/h = (60 x 1000)/60  m/min

In 1 min, the same distance can be cover with speed =(60 x 1000 x 40)/60 = 4000 m/min

In 25 min, the same distance can be cover with speed =4000/25 = 1600 m/min

= 1600/1000 x 60

= 16 x 6

= 96 km/h

(c) 20 km/h

Explanation: 

Speed = 12 km/h

Time taken = 20 minutes = 20/60 hr = 1/3 hr

Distance covered = S × T = 12 × 1/3 = 4 km

Speed required to cover 4 km in 12 minutes = (4/12)×60 = 20 km/hr

More the no of tennis balls, more will be the cost. So it is a direct proportion.

Let the cost be Rs x, \(\frac{4900}{140}=\frac{\text{x}}{2\,\times\,12}\)

⇒ x = \(\frac{24\,\times\,4900}{140}\) = Rs 840

(b) If both x arid y are in directly proportion, then 1/x and 1/y are in inverse proportion.

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Note: 

Two quantities x and y are said to be in inverse proportion, if an increase in x cause a proportional decrease in y and vice-versa.

Distance travelled in 75 steps = 50 m

Distance covered in 1 step = 50/75 m

Distance covered in 375 steps = (50/75)×375 = 18750/75

= 250 m

=250/1000 km

= 0.25 km

More the no of boxes, more will be the cartons required. So it is a direct proportion.

Let the boxes be x, \(\frac{350}{25}=\frac{\text{x}}{16}\)

⇒ x = \(\frac{16\,\times\,350}{25}\) = 224

∵ Naresh walks 250 steps to cover distance = 2000m

∴ in 1 step, he covers the distance = 200/250 m

∵ In 350, steps, he covers = 200/250 x 350

= (20 x 350)/25

= 7000/25

= 280 m