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Goodwill = Super profit x No. of years of purchase. 

Super profit = Average profit-Normal profit 

Average profit = 12000-3000 (Remuneration) = 9000 

Normal profit = Capital x Rate /100 = 100000×8/100 = 8000 

Super profit = 9000 – 8000 = 1000 

Goodwill = 1000×3 = 3000

Premium / Goodwill / Premium for goodwill

Yes, the center of mass of a body can be outside the body. For example, the center of mass of a semi-circular wire does not lie inside the wire but at a point 2R/π above the center.

Some foreign tourists on the beach were basking in the sun and enjoying themselves. The tourists enjoyed swimming in the sea and riding on elephants. At the Elephant beach, some swimmers have undertaken ‘Scuba diving’.

No special guide was hired. Since the writer’s father had a little knowledge of the islands he managed to guide his family during their tour to the islands.

The Scuba divers need air cylinders because they go to the bottom of the sea to watch the coral reefs, beautiful fishes and sea turtles. Besides, they stay for a long time beneath the sea and swim along with them.

Yes, I have. I have visited Nagarjuna sagar and Ethipothala (waterfall). Nagarjuna sagar dam is very huge and it’s really thrilling to watch the water-fall when the dam was full and the gates are opened to release the water. Visiting Nagarjuna Konda by boat is also amusing. Later I have visited Ethipothala where water falls down from a very high-level place. It has filled my heart with joy and happiness.

The poet asks us to imagine that we have tiny wings on our back, so that we can bounce a bit with joy, when we take a new step towards our adventurous life. He also wants us to imagine that we are clear in mind and feel the wind passing . through us, instead of going against us. You just have to close your eyes and ask them to embrace you. Thus, they would be attracted to be our patterns of habit.

A knight is bold and daring. He rides on a horse with a sword or spear in armours seeking romance.

Adventures hide deep inside the mountains. They have an excellent- ending. They are all forms and shapes.

C) The author did not feel the movement of the ship.

“Old – bold” lance – romance; cause – applause; chivalry – history; maiden – laden; blows – foes;death – breath; yore – fore; struggle – juggle; king – ring; esteem – seem; exploits – adroit; vice – sacrifice; cause – pause are the rhyming words in this poem

Long ago during the age of chivalry, knights used to fight for a righteous cause. They gained a considerable applause for their chivalrous acts. Likewise, we should also fight for a noble cause, so that we could get a good applause from the people of our country. If you fight for your country, people will have good impression about you in their minds. They will hold you in high esteem.

those-that-their 

they – themselves 

fighting – for – faith 

lessons-learnt 

time – take 

defying – death 

held – high 

bounce – bit 

virtue – vice

NCC conducts activities to tone leadership skills and to enhance their character qualities.

Answer is (C) summer

In this poem, the poet George Krokos relates to the Adventures of the knights. Adventures are hidden deep inside the mountains in all types of forms and shapes. The adventures have an excellent ending. People, who take up adventures in their life, see the world in an extraordinary special way. They feel that they have little wings on their back and whenever they take a new step, they bounce in joy. 

In the olden days, knights were daring and chivalrous. They rode on their horses with a sword or spear and fought their opponents for a just cause. They regarded themselves as worthy of winning the hands of their fair ladies as a valuable prize for their valour. They impressed the crowd by fighting with their opponents. Even today, people talk with much applause about the brave adventures, deeds of the knights.

The writer had been longing to make ci trip to Andaman. His father fulfilled his desire during the last summer holidays. After the examinations were over, the writer’s family took the Pinakini Express on the 25th of April from Vijayawada and reached Chennai Central by 1 p.m. Later they reached the port. In the evening, they boarded a ship for Port Blair, the capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Sitting in the ship, the writer and his sister Amalai waved their hands to the people who cheered the travellers. The writer could not feel. the movement of the ship when the doors and the windows of the cabin were closed. When the ship was going, they saw dolphins swimming along the ship to know. Dolphins sprang and dived again and again. If was very amusing to the writer. Later, the writer went around the ship to know what other people were d oing in the ship. He saw some people eating and drinking in the restaurant. He was surprised to see some people in a saloon getting their hair cut. The medical staff was busy treating the patients suffering from seasickness. The sanitary workers were doing their work. The crew of the ship gladly answered all the queries of the writer about the ship.

After two days, they reached Port Blair. The writer learnt that there are about six hundred islands between India’s coast and Myanmar. Only 37 of them were inhabited. The inhabitants were the aboriginal tribes. Some of them lived far away from the civilized society. Despite this, the islands look today like a miniature India. There are people of different languages, cultures and faiths. Yet they all live happily together.

The writer’s family visited the Cellular jail, built by the British. But now it is not a jail. It is now used as a big hospital. Next, they visited the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park. There one can find open creeks running through the park area. There they watched coral reefs, fishes of different colours and sea turtles through glass-bottomed boats.

Later they travelled by a ferry from Port Blair to Havelock island where they saw a majestic lighthouse. They saw tourists enjoying swimming in the sea and riding on elephants. They took lots of pictures of the beautiful scenery.

Next, they visited Elephant beach. They watched Scuba ’diving in which the swimmers dive into the sea from the motor boats and I stay for a long time beneath the sea. They swim along with beautiful fishes and sea turtles. Scuba diving filled the writer’s heart with a spirit of adventure.

Lastly, they visited Radhanagar beach. There the writer and his sister Amala enjoyed a jolly ride on the elephant. There they tasted Tandoori fish and other sea foods. The writer felt he could never forget his trip to Andaman.

If I were given a chance, I would visit the planet Mars, as there are guessings of the presence of water on that planet.

The child felt very happy, and amused. It was a lot of fun to the child.

No, I don’t think so. It’s only the imagination of the child.

The poem was an imagination by the poet of his trip to the moon. The writer was a student appearing for his exams. He had already taken exams in four subjects. Now he is to study for and write the science examination, going to be held the very next day. The writer was sitting alone in his house. He was studying the structure of a mouse. Suddenly the lights went out. Then he heard a loud burst. He thought that someone was there outside. So he went out, full of fright. There he saw a big rocket. An astronaut was there inside the rocket. He invited the writer on a flight to the moon. The writer readily agreed. He went in and sat by his side.

The writer along with the astronaut reached the moon by afternoon. But they could not walk on the ground of the moon as the gravitational force of the moon is much less than that of the moon. So they jumped around. It was a l ot of fun to the writer. The writer along with the astronaut started their return journey. 

The writer reached home before the setting sun. To his surprise and also to the surprise of his parents, the writer fared his science test very well. But no one knew the secret as to how his science test had gone very well. The secret still dwelled inside the writer.

Surface tension is a unique property of liquids that arises because the net intermolecular force of attraction on the liquid molecules at or near a liquid surface differs from that on molecules deep in the interior of the liquid. 

This results in the tendency of the free surface of a liquid to minimize its surface area and behave somewhat like a stressed elastic membrane.

Surface tension is important in understanding the peculiar behaviour of the free surface of a liquid in many cases as illustrated below :

1. Small quantities of liquids assume the form of spherical droplets, as in mist, or a mercury droplet on a flat surface. This is because the stressed surface ‘skin’ tends to contract and mould the liquid into a shape that has minimum surface area for its volume, i.e., into a sphere. 

2. Surface tension is responsible for the spherical shape of freely-falling raindrops and the behaviour of bubbles and soap films. 

3. The bristles of a paint brush cling together when it is drawn out of water or paint.

4. A steel needle or a razor blade can, with care, be supported on a still surface of water which is much less dense than the metal from which these objects are made of. 

5. Many insects like ants, mosquitoes, water striders, etc., can walk on the surface of water.

Data : p_max = p_syst = 120 mm of Hg, p_min = p_dias = 80 mm of Hg, ρ = 13600 kg/m³ , g = 9.8 m/s² , 1 mbar = 100 Pa

p = hρg

∴ p_syst = (0.120)(1.36 × 10⁴)(9.8) 

= 1.6 × 10⁴ Pa = 16 kPa 

= 1600 mbar = 1.5 bar

and P_dias = (0.08)(1.36 × 10⁴)(9.8) 

= 1.066 × 10⁴Pa = 10.66 kPa 

= 1066 mbar = 1.066 bar

यह विधि रासायनिक परिवर्तन पर आधारित है। इसके अन्तर्गत बारीक पिसे अयस्क को उचित अभिकर्मक के साथ क्रिया कराते हैं। जिससे विलयन की अवस्था में परिवर्तन आ जाता है तथा अशुद्धियाँ ठोस अवस्था में रह जाती हैं। उदाहरण– बॉक्साइट अयस्क को सान्द्रण करने के लिए Al₂O₅ . 2H₂O की क्रिया NaOH से कराने पर NaAlO₂ बन जाता है जो जल में विलेय है और अशुद्धियाँ; जैसे- सिलिका, Fe₂O₃ नीचे ठोस के रूप में अवक्षिप्त हो जाती हैं। 

Al₂O₃ . 2H₂O + 2 NaOH → 2 NaAlO₂ + 3 H₂O 

NaAlO₂ + 2H₂O → Al(OH)₃ + NaOH

(1) 26.5 and 2.65 × 10⁵

The relationship among velocities are :

C_mp\(:\)C_av\(:\)C_rms\(:\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{2RT}{M}}\): \(\sqrt{\frac{8RT}{\pi M}}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}}\)

\(\sqrt2:\sqrt{\frac{8}{\pi}}:\sqrt3\)

= 1∙414 \(:\) 1∙596 \(:\) 1∙732

C_mp\(:\)C_av\(:\)C_rms = 1 ∶ 1∙128 ∶ 1∙224.

The important features of Maxwell distribution of velocities are: 

(i) The fraction of molecules with very low or high velocities is very small. 

(ii) The fraction of molecules possessing higher velocities goes on increasing till it reaches the peak and further it starts decreasing. 

(iii) The maximum fraction of molecules possesses a velocity, corresponding to the peak in the curve. This velocity is referred to as most probable velocity.

The Van der waal’s constant ‘a’ is a measure of intermolecular attractions. Therefore, the value of ‘a’ reflects the tendency of the gas to liquefy. The gas having larger value of ‘a’ will liquefy more easily.

(a) Charle's Law: It states that if pressure (P) remains constant, the volume (V) of a fixed amount of gas (n) is directly proportional to its absolute temperature (T).

V \(\propto\) T (P Constant)

Or \(\frac{V}{T}\) = constant or \(\frac{V_1}{T_1}=\frac{V_2}{T_2}\)

Charles also found that for a given mass of gas, if pressure is kept constant, the volume increases linearly with temperature.

V = V_o (1 + \(\propto\)t), where \(\propto\)= \(\frac{1}{273}\) and,

V_o is the volume at 0ºC

Volume at temperature T is

V_T = V_o\(\big(1+\frac{t}{273}\big)\) = V_o\(\big(\frac{273+t}{273}\big)\)

Where t is temperature in Celsius

Or V_T = \(\frac{V_o}{273}\times T\)

Where, T = 273 + t, T is the temperature on Kelvin scale.

(b) PV = nRT

Or \(\frac{n}{V}=\frac{P}{RT}\)

Since n = \(\frac{m}{M}\)

\(\therefore\) \(\frac{m}{MV}\)= \(\frac{P}{RT}\)

\(\therefore\) \(\frac{d}{M}\) = \(\frac{P}{RT}\) \(\big(\therefore d=\frac{m}{V}=density\big)\)

or d = \(\frac{MP}{RT}\)

\(\therefore\) d \(\propto\) P

T = 1000 + 273 = 1273 K

C_rms = \(\sqrt{\frac{3RT}{M}}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{3\times8.314\times1273}{0.044}}\)

= 849.5 ms^-1

C_av = \(\sqrt{\frac{8RT}{\pi M}}\) = \(\sqrt{\frac{8\times8.314\times1273}{3.14\times0.044}}\)

= 782.84 ms^-1

H₂ < CO₂ < C₆H₆

They are not sonorous and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.These materials are Non metals.

(a) \(\big(P+\frac{a}{V^2}\big)(V-a)\) = RT

(b) At high temperature and low pressure, real gases show ideal behaviour.

(c) Higher the critical temperature, stronger the intermolecular forces. Therefore, CO₂ has stronger intermolecular forces than CH₄.

H₂ < He < N₂ < CO₂ is the order of increasing value of ‘a’. Measure of ‘a’ is proportional to the amount of force of intermolecular attraction. CO₂ molecule being larger in size, has higher magnitude of van der Waal’s force of attraction and hence highest value of ‘a’. 

Also, higher is the intermolecular force of attraction, easier it is to liquefy a gas ie., higher the value of ‘a’, higher will be the case of liquefaction.

a) No

B) 

c) All of them are metals.

d) Metals had the advantage of not just being harder but they could be heated in a fire and moulded or cast into different shapes. This property of metals first attracted the attention of human beings.

e) Yes, we bring similar change in the shape of a clay material by beating it.

(a) Van der waal's equation for gas; \((P + \frac{n^2a}{V^2})(V - nb) = nRT\)

For 1 mole of gas, the equation is: \((P + \frac{a}{V^2})(V - b) = RT\)

(b) At high temperature and low presser, real gases show ideal behaviour.

a) No. Materials like iron, zinc, copper allows bulb to glow.

b) They are called conductors.

c) Copper, iron, aluminium

d) No. The handles of his tools are made of electrical insulating material in order to avoid electrical shock.

Magnesium is present in chlorophill. It is in Mg(II) state.

Observation: The burning matchstick flares up. 

Reason: In the presence of manganese dioxide, hydrogen peroxide decomposes quickly and liberates oxygen gas. The presence of oxygen flaring up of the match stick. 

2H₂O₂ → 2H₂O + O₂

Correct option  (A) A metal used in joining electric wires - Magnesium 

Explanation: 

Copper metal is used in joining electric wires due to its high electrical conductivity, enough tensile strength and ductility.

(a) An iron grill is painted frequently to prevent its rusting .

(b)There is less corrosion of aluminium than iron when both are exposed to air because aluminium forms a layer of aluminium oxide on its surface as soon as it comes in contact with moist air. This aluminium oxide is very tough and prevents it from corroding right through.

The answer is (b) Calcium

• Newland’s law of octaves was applicable to the elements with atomic mass up to 40 da which comes up to Calcium. 
• After calcium every eighth element possess properties similar to that of the first.

Soil is acidic: Farmer wants to neutralise some acid and hence adds basic substances like CaO or CaCO₃ to it.

(C) Carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur 

Neutralization is the process in which acid and alkali react with each other to form salt and water. 

Acid + Alkali → Salt + water

Milk of Magnesia: it is basic in nature Stomach produces dil. HCl. When suffering from indigestion, more acid is produced, this causes irritation. Antacid neutralises some acid and then gives relief.

Correct option  (A) X= C,Y=CO, Z=CO₂

Explanation: 

The non-metal X is carbon (C) which is an important constituent of our food. Carbon forms two oxides y (CO) and Z (CO₂). CO is toxic and causes suffocation and even death while CO₂ is responsible for global warming.