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The correct ANSWER is (a) = (WATER TRANSPIRED by Crop x Water Applied to Field) % 100.

To explain: Field Water EFFICIENCY (%) = (Water Transpired by Crop %Water Applied to Field) x 100.

Right OPTION is (b) Provisional sum

Easiest explanation: The work like installation of refrigerating machine; installation of LIFT, AIR conditioning, ETC., for which full information and details may not be KNOWN at the time of preparing estimate and entering into contract and are require to be installed by a specialised firm, a sum.

Correct answer is (a) True

To explain: Approx. cost of a BED hospital @ Rs.50000/- per bed COMES to Rs.50 lakhs.

Approx. cost of a barrack of 10 BAYS @10000/- per BAY comes to Rs.1 lakh.

The correct option is (a) True

Easy EXPLANATION: This increases the well’s ABILITY to produce WATER and maximize production from the aquifer. If the aquifer formation does not naturally have any relatively coarse particles to form a filter, it may be necessary for the driller to install an artificial filter pack. This pack is placed around the screen or PERFORATIONS so the well can be developed. For example, this procedure is necessary when the aquifer is composed of FINE sand and the individual grains are uniform.

Correct ANSWER is (b) False

To explain: A BRIDGE doesn’t necessarily have to bridge over WATER. A bridge can be used to SPAN over a canyon, or depression, or even over a freeway or roadway.

Right choice is (a) True

Best explanation: It is a method of artificially raising the water table to allow the soil to be moistened from below the plants’ ROOT zone. Often those SYSTEMS are LOCATED on permanent grasslands in lowlands or river VALLEYS and combined with drainage infrastructure. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and GATES allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.

Correct option is (a) Box

The best I can explain: Box culverts are usually MADE up of Reinforced Concrete (RCC). Some box culverts can be built using composite structures and are great when water needs to change direction or when a large flow of water is expected. Box culverts can also be installed in such WAY that the top of the culvert is also the ROADWAY surface. The most challenging part of installing these type of culverts is that you generally will need to have a dry surface to install the culvert, so dewatering or DIVERSION of the water will be needed to complete the installation.

Correct option is (c) Fertigation

Easiest explanation: The two terms are sometimes used INTERCHANGEABLY HOWEVER chemigation is GENERALLY a more controlled and regulated process due to the nature of the chemicals used. Chemigation often INVOLVES pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, some of which pose health threat to humans, animals, and the ENVIRONMENT.

The CORRECT choice is (a) True

To elaborate: UNCONFINED aquifers are those into which WATER seeps from the GROUND surface directly above the aquifer.

The correct choice is (b) Surface irrigation

Explanation: In surface (furrow, flood, or LEVEL basin) irrigation systems, water moves across the surface of an agricultural lands, in an order to wet it and infiltrate into the soil. Surface irrigation can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or basin irrigation. It is OFTEN called flood irrigation when the irrigation RESULTS in flooding or near flooding of the cultivated LAND.

Right choice is (a) False

Easiest EXPLANATION: Irrigation with SALINE or high-sodium water may DAMAGE soil structure owing to the FORMATION of alkaline soil.

The correct option is (a) True

Easy explanation: These are completed to much greater depths than bored WELLS, up to several hundred METRES. The producing aquifer is generally less susceptible to POLLUTION from surface sources because of the depth. Also, the water supply tends to be more RELIABLE since it is less affected by seasonal weather patterns.

Correct OPTION is (a) True

Best explanation: (augering, sludging, jetting, DRIVING, hand PERCUSSION) or machine drilling (rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deeprock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% of formation types.

Drilled wells can GET WATER from a much deeper level than dug wells can—often down to several hundred metres.

Correct answer is (a) True

The EXPLANATION: Monitoring wells or piezometers, are often SMALLER diameter wells used to monitor the hydraulic head or SAMPLE the groundwater for chemical constituents. Piezometers are monitoring wells COMPLETED over a very short section of aquifer. Monitoring wells can also be completed at multiple levels, allowing discrete samples or measurements to be made at different vertical ELEVATIONS at the same map location.

Right choice is (d) Irrigation

The best explanation: Irrigation helps grow agricultural CROPS, maintain landscapes, and revegetate disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate RAINFALL. Irrigation also has other uses in CROP production, including frost protection, SUPPRESSING weed growth in grain fields and preventing soil. In contrast, agriculture that relies only on direct rainfall is referred to as rain-fed or dry land farming.

Right choice is (c) daylighting

Explanation: In URBAN design and urban planning, daylighting is the redirection of a stream into an above-ground channel. Typically, the goal is to restore a stream of water to a more NATURAL state. Daylighting is intended to improve the riparian environment for a stream which had been previously DIVERTED into a culvert, PIPE, or a drainage SYSTEM.

Correct choice is (B) False

Easiest explanation: Around 90% of wastewater produced GLOBALLY remains untreated, causing widespread water pollution. Increasingly, agriculture uses untreated wastewater as a source of IRRIGATION water. Cities provide lucrative markets for fresh PRODUCE, so are attractive to farmers.

The correct option is (d) AQUIFER

The explanation is: An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (GRAVEL, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be EXTRACTED using a water well. The study of water flow in aquifers and the CHARACTERIZATION of aquifers is called hydrogeology.

The correct choice is (b) False

The explanation: Slab culvert- A passage for water over a natural GROUND having a deck slab over it as path WAY for vehicles.

Box culvert – Box culverts are usually MADE up of Reinforced Concrete (RCC) as a box SHAPED tunnel through which the water flows and the VEHICULAR transmission takes place over the box.

The correct answer is (d) CULVERTS

To elaborate: Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains for ditch relief and to pass WATER under a road at NATURAL drainage and stream crossings. A culvert may be a bridge-like structure designed to allow VEHICLE or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water.

The correct option is (a) INTERNATIONAL Water Management Institute

The best I can explain: The International Water Management Institute IWMI is a non-profit RESEARCH organisation with headquarters in Colombo, Sri Lanka, and OFFICES across Africa and Asia. Research at the Institute focuses on improving how water and land RESOURCES are managed, with the aim of UNDERPINNING food security and reducing poverty while safeguarding vital environmental processes.

Correct option is (c) Bored

Easiest explanation: They are USUALLY completed by PERFORATING the casing (also called cribbing) or using a sand screen with continuous slot openings (Bored Well). One ADVANTAGE of bored wells is the large diameter of the casing, from 45-90 cm (18-36 in.). It provides a water storage reservoir for use during peak demand periods. A disadvantage of utilizing a shallow groundwater aquifer is that it GENERALLY relies on annual precipitation for recharge. Water shortages may OCCUR following long dry periods in summer and extended freeze up during winter months. It can also be more susceptible to contamination from surface land-use activities.

Correct answer is (b) False

To explain I would say: CULVERTS can be constructed of a variety of materials including cast-in-place or precast concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced), galvanized STEEL, aluminium, or plastic, typically high-density polyethylene. TWO or more materials may be combined to form composite structures. For example, open-bottom corrugated steel structures are OFTEN built on concrete FOOTINGS.

Correct CHOICE is (a) sub-work

The explanation: DETAILED ESTIMATE of each sub-work is prepared separately and ACCOUNTS of expenditure are KEPT sub-work wise.

The correct choice is (c) DRIP irrigation

For explanation I would SAY: This method can be the most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed PROPERLY, evaporation and runoff are minimized. The FIELD water efficiency of drip irrigation is typically in the range of 80 to 90 percent when managed correctly.

The correct option is (c) APPROXIMATE quantity METHOD estimate

The best I can explain: For this method the structure may be DIVIDED into two PARTS VIZ. Foundation including plinth and Superstructure.

The correct OPTION is (b) True

To elaborate: Cube RATE ESTIMATE is most accurate as compared to the plinth area estimate as the height of the BUILDING is ALSO compared.

The correct choice is (c) jet PUMP with PRESSURE switch

The EXPLANATION is: A pump-jet, hydrojet, or water jet is a marine system that creates a jet of water for propulsion. The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller (AXIAL-flow pump), a centrifugal pump, or a mixed flow pump which is a combination of both centrifugal and axial DESIGNS. The design also incorporates an intake to provide water to the pump and a nozzle to direct the flow of water out of the pump.

Correct choice is (a) True

The explanation is: The diameter of the borehole is usually slightly LARGER than the casing being installed. The space between the borehole and the casing is called the annulus of the well or the ANNULAR space. It must be sealed to PREVENT any surface CONTAMINATION from migrating downward and contaminating the WATER supply. A properly sealed annulus also prevents any mixing of poor quality water from upper aquifers with water from the producing aquifer of the well.

The correct choice is (c) arch

For explanation: They are normally made of METAL, stone masonry or RCC. They are installed easily, and you don’t need to use expensive water diversion structures to install it. Common shapes INCLUDE SEMICIRCULAR arch, elliptical arch, and concrete box culverts.Another benefit of these type of structure is that the installation process will not take a lot of TIME, COMPARED to traditional box culverts.

The correct ANSWER is (a) True

The explanation: A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles WITHOUT closing the way underneath such as a body of water, VALLEY, or ROAD, for the purpose of providing passage over the OBSTACLE. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to different situations.

Correct choice is (d) well cap

The best I can explain: It comes equipped with rubber gaskets and screened vents to ENSURE vermin stay out and air can circulate through. Coverings for large diameter wells must be CUSTOM MADE because of their LARGER size. Ideally they should be made of steel, or FIBREGLASS or plastic that is stamped for potable water use.

The correct OPTION is (b) RATES

Explanation: The rates per UNIT of various items of work, the rates of various materials to be used in the construction, and the wages of DIFFERENT category of labour, skilled or unskilled as mason, carpenter, mazdoor, BHISHTI etc. available for preparing estimate.

The correct option is (c) day-work

For explanation: Certain items of work which cannot be measured as- a design in the PLASTER work, front ARCHITECTURAL finish of a building, work under water, etc. are valued and paid by ‘day work’. In such CASES the schedule of rates of materials and different CLASSES of LABOURERS likely to be engaged in th work should be included in the tender and in contract agreement.

Correct answer is (a) aqueduct

For explanation: Bridges for conveying water, CALLED aqueducts or water bridges are constructed to convey watercourses across gaps such as valleys or ravines. The term aqueduct MAY also be used to refer to the entire watercourse, as well as the bridge. LARGE navigable aqueducts are used as transport links for boats or ships.

Correct answer is (b) Maintenance estimate

The EXPLANATION is: For building; this INCLUDES white washing, colour washing, painting, minor repairs etc. For road works the A.R. estimate provides for PATCH repairing, renewals, REPAIR of culverts, etc.

The correct choice is (C) Micro-irrigation

The best explanation: It is a system where water is distributed under low pressure through a PIPED network, in a pre-determined pattern, and applied as a SMALL discharge to each plant or adjacent to it. Traditional drip irrigation using individual emitters, subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), micro-spray or micro-sprinkler irrigation, and mini-bubbler irrigation all belong to this CATEGORY of irrigation METHODS.

Right choice is (a) True

Easy EXPLANATION: Per running metre of span depending on the roadway, NATURE and depth of foundation, type of structure, etc. For small CULVERTS approx. cost may also be per NUMBER of culverts of different SPANS.

Right choice is (d) Abstract Estimate

The explanation is: to decide the financial position and policy for administrative SANCTION by thecompetent administrative authority. In CASE of commercial projects as irrigation projects as irrigation projects, RESIDENTIAL BUILDING projects and similar projects which earn revenue income, the probable income may be WORKED out.

The correct choice is (a) Rotary

The explanation: Rotary drilled wells are constructed using a DRILL bit on the end of a rotating drillstem. Drilling fluid or air is circulated down through the drillstem in the hole and back to the surface to remove cuttings. Rotary drilling RIGS operate quickly and can reach depths of over 300 m (1000 ft.), with CASING diameters of 10-45 cm (4-18 in.).

Cable tool drilled wells are constructed by LIFTING and dropping a heavy drill bit in the bore hole. The resulting loose material, mixed with water, is removed using a bailer or sand pump. This method, also called percussion drilling, reaches depths up to 300 m (1000 ft.). Well diameters can range from 10-45 cm (4-18 in.). The drilling rate is typically much slower than for a rotary rig, but when aquifers are low yielding, they may be more easily identified using this method.