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Correct option is (b) Gross loss

Life science is the systematic research and scientific survey and study of main organs of the body regarding their growth and development manifested in the balanced and coordinated development of man’s personality.

Causes for the loss of memory: 

1. Constipation and Phlegm. 

2. Excess of sleep and laziness. 

3. Devotion of more time to means of entertainment as T.V, cinema etc. 

4. Adopting negative attitude: “Cannot remember, my memory has become weak”. 

5. Failure to revive the old happenings. 

6. Under developed brain or lack of awareness. 

7. Habit to sit in a hunchbacked posture. 

8. Failure to self study. 

9. Getting lost in day-dreaming.

Smaran Shakti Vikashak or Gyan Kendra Preksha:

Position of the Body-Stand in the position of attention. 

Technique:

1. Concentrate your mind at the centre of learning (Gyan Kendra) in the brain. 

2. Form an image of yellow colour in you mind.

3. Concentrate on that imaginary yellow colour and give auto suggestions as: ‘My learning centre has been revived, it has been reactivated, I have regained my memory’. 

4. Repeat quietly Mantra….Namo Nanasy” at least 21 times.

Therapeutic advantages: 

1. Memory is revived. 

2. Knowledge is easily attained.

1. Pause your body at each angle. 

2. Do not support your trunk with hands while moving legs back. 

3. Do not give jerk to your body while moving legs forward.

(c) Sit in the Sukhasana position

Pran refers to the cosmic energy that we also call as breath. Ayama means to control the prana i.e., practice of deep breathing. How to control prana i.e., breath is the essence of Pranayama.

Technique: Take in deep and long breath through both the nostrils so as to fill both the lungs fully. Leave the breath out slowly through the nostrils. Concentrate on breathing process. Time consumed in inhaling and exhaling will be the same. It can be continued for 1 to 3 minutes or 10 to 15 times.

Advantages: 

1. It gives physical and mental stability, concentration and awareness. 

2. It has good effect on the nervous system of the body, which keeps mind calm and serene. 

3. It helps to cure stiffness of the knees and joints and also cures rheumatic pains. 

4. Respiratory system functions normally and smoothly.

(i) Matsyasana: 

Position of the body: Sit in the position of Padmasana.

Technique: 

Inhale slowly and lie down on the ground. Fold the legs at the knees and bring the heels near the hips. Inhaling slowly drag the head back and hold the thumbs of the feet with both the hands and increase the back arch. Stay in this position for a few second and slowly rest the back and head on the ground and come back to the Padmasana position.

(ii) Uttanapadasana: 

Position of the body: Lie flat on back on the floor keeping body straight from head to feet and breathing normally. Keep the arms by the side of the body.

Technique: Keep your hands beside the hips. Raise slowly your head and feet together to the height of about one foot. Remain in this position for a few seconds or as long as you can and then come back to the normal position. While holding the head up, concentrate on the navel point.

Technique of Tadasana:

1. Stand firmly and keep both the feet together. Keep the knees straight and hands tight and firm. Concentrate on a particular abject and keep the mind calm and relaxed. 

2. Lift the hands slowly and perform salute, keeping head and chest firm and straight. 

3. Start with deep inhalation and lift the heels slowly: Stay for a few seconds and then exhale slowly and bring down heels to the normal position and relax for a few seconds.

Standing Position: 

1. Stand erect keeping the feet apart at the distance of 6 inches from each other. 

2. Keep both the hands on the sides, close to the body, the neck little bent and chin four to five fingers above the chest and eyes closed gently.

Sitting Position: 

1. Sit in the position of Sukhasana or any other comfortable posture. Close the eyes gently and keep neck and spine straight. 

2. Place hands below the navel in the Brahma Mudra i.e., left hand palm on the right hand palm and the thumb over each other. Both the palms should be facing the sky. 

3. Breathe slowly and peacefully.

Lying Position: 

1. Lie straight on the back keeping distance of about one hand between the feet. 

2. Keep arms parallel to the body with palms facing the sky. 

3. Close eyes softly. Relax neck and breathe normally.

Benefits of Surya Namaskara are: 

1. All the organs of the body become strong, and stout. 

2. Body in general, becomes energetic and the spine becomes flexible.

1. It gives physical and mental stability, concentration and awareness. 

2. It has good effect on the nervous system of the body, which keeps mind calm and serene.

Shavas Preksha is directly related with breathing, which is the most vital function of our body. We do not breathe as required. We breathe 15-20 times a minute. It needs to be controlled, regulated and changed. Shavas Preksha is one of the means to regulate and control our breathing process.

Correct option is (c) No effect

Correct Answer is: (b) Tadasana

Deep breathing causes respiratory system and nervous system of the body to function normally and smoothly which keeps mind calm and serene. It gives physical and mental stability, concentration and awareness.

Matsyasana is the asana which helps to increase vision. Position of the body for Matsyasana is sitting in the position of padmasana.

1. Step I-Pranayamasana: (Chant-OM Mithraya Namaha). Stand up straight and join both the feet together. Fold the hands and place’them on the chest. Close the eyes and pray to lord Suryadeva. 

2. Step II-Hastha Uttanasana: (Chant-OM Ravaye Namaha). Inhale slowly, raise the hands keeping palms upward and then slowly bend backward forming an arch. The legs should be firm and straight. 

3. Step III-Padahastasana: (Chant-OM Suryaya Namaha). Exhale slowly and come forward with hands raised up. Slowly bend forward and place the hands on the ground beside the feet. The legs should be straight and stretched well. 

4. Step IV-Ashva Sanchalanasana: (Chant-OM Bhanuve Namaha). In hale slowly pressing ground with the palms of both the hands, stretch the left leg backward to the maximum. Hold the head high and look straight. 

5. Step V-Parvatasana: (Chant-OM Kagaya Namaha). Exhale and move both the legs backward, raise the buttocks up and extend both the hands forward. Hold the head looking up towards knees. 

6. Step VI-Asthanga Namaskara: (Chant-OMPushne Namaha). Here bring, slowly the head, chest and knees down so that the entire body should be close to the ground but keep buttocks and waist a little raised up. 

7. Step VII-Bhujangasana: (Chant-OMHiranya Garbhaya Namaha). Inhale slowly and straighten the hands and at the same time, move the chest and head up projecting chest forward and bending the back to the maximum. 

8. Step VIII-Parvatasana: (Chant-OM Marichaya Namaha). Repeat the process of Step V. 

9. Step IX-Ashva Sanchalanasana: (Chant-OM Adithyaya Namaha). Repeat the process of Step IV. 

10.Step X-Padhasthasana: (Chant-Om Savithre Namaha). Repeat the process of Step III. 

11.Step Xl-Hastha-Uttanasana: (Chant-OM Arkaya Namaha). Repeat the process of Step II. 

12.Step XII-Pranamasana: (Chant-OM Bhaskaraya Namaha). Repeat the process of Step I.

Advantages of Surya Namaskara:

1. All the organs of the body become strong, and stout. 

2. Body in general, becomes energetic and the spine becomes flexible.

Correct option is (b) only one effect is given to some transactions

Correct option is (c) Personal accounts and Cash accounts

Kayotsarga can be done in standing, sitting and lying positions. Before practising kayotsarga there is a need to to Tadasana.

Sit in the position of Padmasana. Grip hands at the back, bend slowly forward and touch the ground with the head. Hold in this position for a few seconds or as long as you can. Come to the original position slowly, bringing hands forward and extending the feet in the original position.

Term Yoga is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Yuf which means union or to join. In other words, Yoga means unification of ‘Atma’ with ‘Parmatama’. Yoga stresses on the concepts which promote physical, mental, moral and spiritual values.

The advantages of single entry system are as under :

• Limited object: This method is very useful for small traders like hawkers, small retailers or street-venders because their utility to prepare the accounts is limited.
• Time and Expense : In this method, books of account are prepared by small traders with less expense and less time, because all accounts are not prepared.
• Limited books : Small traders keep the books as per their business requirement. Normally they prepare only personal accounts. So, it requires limited books.

Correct option is (b) Only cash transactions

The important de-merits of incomplete records are 

a. Under incomplete records arithmetical accuracy cannot be checked 

b. Due to incomplete records, there will be scope and mis appropriation of funds. 

c. Not possible to finitude true profit or loss of a business concern. 

d. It never disclose correct financial position of a business concern. 

e. This system not reliable by legal authority.

Easy transfer of share, an opportunity to earn through share trading and voting right per share.

(ii) One man one vote 

Joint stock company:

• As per Companies Act, 1956, a company is an artificial, invisible and intangible person created by law, having a separate legal entity.
• As per Companies Act, 2013, ‘Company’ means a company registered under this act or any former act.
• This means that the company ‘is different’ from investors who invest in the company. For example, if an investor has invested ₹ 1000/- in a particular company and the company goes bankrupt, an investor loses only that money which he has invested i.e. his liability is limited and in the eyes of law the company and investor are two different persons. The investor need not sell his personal assets to pay the company’s debts.

Characteristics of a joint stock company:
1. Legal entity:

• Being an artificial person, a joint stock company has its own separate legal entity independent of its investors.
• This means a company can own property, enter into contracts, it can sue and can be sued by others.

2. Perpetual existence:

• As per the law, a ‘company’ is separate from its investors. So, it is not affected by the death or insolvency of the members.
• A company can be brought to an end only through liquidation procedure.

3. Divison of capital in small fractions:

• If for a public company, the capital to start the company is raised from the public in the form of shares.
  The company asks the public to apply for purchasing shares of the company or in simple words ‘purchasing a share’ in the company.
• People buy company’s shares from stock market and become shareholders. The company than starts its business with the share capital i.e. fund raised by selling the shares.
• In case of a private limited company, fund is raised by members or borrowed from banks and other sources.

4. Easy transfer of shares:

• The shareholders sell and purchase the shares of the company in the stock market. They can easily do so subject to the provisions of the company and the law.
• If one sees trial ine company is performing well he can buy its shares from the stock market. On the other hand the holder of the shares can sell them at the stock market and book his profit.
• This way the share-trading continuous in the market. Thus, trading and transfer of ownership of shares is one of the main and continuous characteristic.

5. Common seal:

• A company has a ‘seal’ or say stamp is used while dealing with third parties, entering into contracts, issuing share certificates, documents and day-to-day transactions of the company.
• This seal is called ‘common seal’ because it can be used by any authorized officer of the company.
• Stamping a document with this seal means that the company expresses its consent to whatever is mentioned in the document.

6. Management:

• The shareholders (investors) elect representatives from among themselves who are then called the director of the company. More than one director is elected and together they are called Board of Directors.
• The Board of Directors manages the company on behalf of the shareholders as per the Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association. Hence in a company the owners are the shareholders whereas the managers/directors are the Board of Directors i.e. ownership and management are separate unlike proprietorship/partnership.

7. Status of members:

The company and members are two separate entities. So a member can neither enter into a contract on behalf of the company nor can a company be held liable for the act of its members.

8. Number of members:

In a private limited company there are minimum 2 and maximum 200 members whereas in a public limited company there are minimum 7 members. There is no limit to the maximum numbers of members in a public limited company.

9. Liability of members:

The liability of members is limited to the face value of number of shares he possesses of that company. This means that if a share-holder possesses 50 shares of ₹1 00 each then his total share in that company is of ₹ 5000. If the company goes bankrupt the share-holder will lose only ₹ 5000 he invested in the company and he will not be liable for the entire loss of the company.

• Note that, the concept of unlimited liability is rarely seen in companies.
• The company in its Memorandum of Association on mentions whether the share-holder will have limited or unlimited liability.

10. Fundamental rights:

Although a company is treated as a separate person in the eyes of law it cannot be considered as a citizen of the country because it is in invisible form. Hence, a company does not enjoy any fundamental rights just like the citizens of a nation.

11. Voting right per share:

• The members of company can cast votes on the basis of the number of shares they hold.
• Unlike the single vote right that individuals commonly possess, the number of votes a share-holder can vote corresponds to the number of shares that he owns.
• Easy transfer of shares and voting per share are special characteristics of the company.

1. Legal entity:

• Being an artificial person, a joint stock company has its own separate legal entity independent of its investors.
• This means a company can own property, enter into contracts, it can sue and can be sued by others.

2. Perpetual existence:

• As per the law, a ‘company’ is separate from its investors. So, it is not affected by the death or insolvency of the members.
• A company can be brought to an end only through liquidation procedure.

3. Divison of capital in small fractions:

• If for a public company, the capital to start the company is raised from the public in the form of shares.
• The company asks the public to apply for purchasing shares of the company or in simple words ‘purchasing a share’ in the company.
• People buy company’s shares from stock market and become shareholders. The company than starts its business with the share capital i.e. fund raised by selling the shares.

Voting right per share:

• The members of company can cast votes on the basis of the number of shares they hold.
• Unlike the single vote right that individuals commonly possess, the number of votes a share-holder can vote corresponds to the number of shares that he owns.
• Easy transfer of shares and voting per share are special characteristics of the company.

Benefit to society and nation:

• People invest in the shares, debentures and public deposits of the company. This induces saving habit.
• On the other hand they receive dividend and interest on their investment as income.
• The society gets advantage of employment and large scale production.
• Some companies also enhance the society by developing public gardens, schools and colleges, play grounds, art centers, etc.
• Companies pay crores of rupees to the government as taxes. This is then used by the government for the welfare of the country.
• Company provides several facilities to the employees.

(D) industry

Answer is (B) Police

Answer is (D) tailor

Correct option is (a) Harmony not discord

Correct option is (d) Principle of profiteering

(b) Taylor advocated separation of planning and execution functions. This concept is known as functional foreman ship.

(b) Henry Fayol was a mining engineer and management theorist.

Correct option is (d) philanthropic

(c) Gang boss, keeping machines and tools.

Correct option is (a) Tariff

Correct option is (d) SBU’s which are characterized by low market share and high growth

i. Yes M/s ABC can buy the shares of the company.

ii. They can invest profit of M/s ABC in the names of Dr. A or Dr. B or Dr.C.

iii. Yes, doctors are eligible to invest in shares of the company.

Correct option is (c) Banners

• A foreigner can enter into contract.
• Foreigners can buy shares and become a member of an Indian company, subject to provisions of FEMA Act 1999.
• ‘FEMA’ aims at facilitating external trade and promote the foreign exchange market in India. 
• Foreigner falls under the category of individual eligibility to be a member of a company. 
• Thus, I agree with the above statement.

Correct option is (d) Oligopoly

D. Security Council

Answer is A. 15

Disarmament means destruction or reduction of arms. The term implies voluntary destruction of arms and the creation of world without arms.

It is considered vulgar to drink tea out of your saucer.

The voyage began with celebrations and lot of hope and warmth. The ship was cheered and given a warm send off from the harbour. The weather was fine and bright. No one could even imagine that they were in for untold sufferings. The killing of the albatross put the ship and the sailors under a curse. The ship got stuck at one place. The wind stopped. The sky became red hot and the sailors had not even a drop of water to drink. A spirit seemed to plague them to avenge the death of the Mariner.