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Four duties of Plate Umpire are :

(i) Calls all balls and strikes.

(ii) Determines and declares whether a batter bunts or chops a ball.

(iii) Determines when a game is forfeited.

(iv) Assumes all duties when assigned as a single umpire.

There are various suitable techniques to motivate athletes. These are as under: 

(a) coach as a motivator: The method of teaching or coaching adopted by players has an important bearing in motivating them. A good communicative skill accompanied with demonstration exerts a great motivating force and energises an individual to perform better. coach plays a major role in clearing the concept of athlete. Even the schedule planned by a coach serves as a motivational factor. 

(b) Competition: Healthy competitions should be organised so that the participants are satisfied. Competitions lead to self-improvement. To compete with other athletes is a psychological motivation where one tries to show his best capabilities against the fired norms. Competitions bring out best to reach for success in the sense of fair competitions respecting regulations. First it should start at low level.

(c) Equipment: In the present scenario, equipment provided to an athlete serves as a great motivational technique. Latest gadgets, well maintained ground, good quality equipment (for safety) motivate athlete to practise hard. 

(d) Praise and criticism: Praise is the most powerful tool to motivate. Whether it is verbal or non-verbal it provides a positive feedback and leads to self-improvement. This helps the athlete to continue striving hard for future improvement. A simple pat on the back, can do wonders. Sometimes criticism also motivates the athletes because focus is on correcting major errors, positive and right direction along with criticism gives the accurate feedback. 

(e) Rewards: Rewards have long been used as a method of motivating athletes. Actually rewards generate interest and enthusiasm among athletes. Rewards. which include praise, money, trophy, gift, job, recognition, grade, certificate or medal have a good impact on athletes.

(a) Attitude. 

(b) Values such as firm determination and strong willpower are most important assertive qualities. 

(c) (i) Lack of confidence (ii) Low self-esteem.

The four conditions when a batter becomes a better runner includes :

(i) As soon as he hits a fair ball.

(ii) When the catcher interferes with or prevents line from striking at a pitched ball.

(iii) When four balls have been called by the umpire.

(iv) When a fair ball strikes the person, attached equipments or clothing of umpire or a runner.

(a) Because we are responsible for every decision we make about our lifestyle. 

(b) Lifetime wellness include being physically active. choosing healthy diet, healthy body weight managing stress effectively and protecting oneself from disease and injury. 

(c) To live a good quality of life.

(a) It is disease of tire heart and blood vessels. 

(b) People who have less stress in life and also those who regularly perform physical activity. 

(c) Follow a regular routine of exercise from young age. Live a healthy happy and stree free life.

Stress consists of bodily changes produced by physiological or psychological conditions that tend to upset the homeostatic balance. In medical language ‘stress’ is defined as a perturbation of the body’s homeostasis.

It was developed by R.E. Morgan and G.T. Adamson. It is utilized to develop strength, power, endurance, speed, agility, flexibility and neuromuscular coordination. It is a formal type of training in which an athlete goes through a series of exercises that are arranged in a circuit. They can be arranged inside or outside, even on top of roofs. There are usually 5-10 stations in a circuit. 

Example: 

• Station no.l- Bench press—develops arms, chest and shoulders 
• Station no.2- Dumb-bell squat—develops legs 
• Station no.3- Chinning the bar—develops arms and shoulders 
• Station no.4- Bench stepping—develops legs 
• Station no.5- Press up—develops arms, chest and shoulders 
• Station no.6- Sit-Ups—develops abdominal muscles 
• Station no.7- Dumb-bell raising sideways—develops arms and shoulders 
• Station no. 8- Skipping—develops legs 

It improves sports performance as – 

• It develops total fitness of the player. 
• It provides interesting environment for the contestants. 
• It can accommodate large group of players. 
• It helps in increasing load from time to time.

According to Barrow and McGee, “Speed is the capacity of an individual to perform successive movement of the same pattern at a fast rate”. According to G. Schnable, “It is the performance prerequisite to do motor actions under given conditions in minimum of time”. 

Methods to develop Speed: 

• Acceleration runs – adopted to develop speed, especially in attaining maximum speed from stationary position, runs are repeated again and again with sufficient intervals, sprinters usually achieve their maximum speed in 6 seconds after stationary position.
• Pace runs or races – running the whole distance of race at a constant speed, athlete runs the race with uniform speed, in longer races such as 800m or above races he must conserve his energy by reducing his speed. 
• Development of reaction time – reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. It can be developed by giving practice of reacting repeatedly on a particular signal. The signal can be given through a whistle, sound, light, etc. 
• By increasing stride length. 
• By lifting the knees higher. 
• By developing strength of the legs.
• By developing co-ordination between arms and legs.

Back pain, hypertension

Amount of the interest in learning and to the extent is basis to learning.

. Length of Net — 9-50 m. 

Breadth of Net — 1 m. 

Height of Net (men)—2-43 m. 

Height of Net (women)—2-24 m.

Anatomy is the term for any scientific study focusing on the physical structures and parts of organisms.

There are several branches of anatomy, including:  

• Histology, or the study of the microscopic structure of organs, tissues, and cells. 
• Embryology, also known as developmental anatomy, which is the study of embryo development from a single-celled zygote to a fully formed fetus. 
• Gross anatomy, or the branch of anatomy has a large-scale focus on organs and body structures as a whole. 
• Zootomy, or the anatomical study of animals. 
• Phytotomy, or the anatomical study of plants. 
• Human anatomy, also known as anthropotomy, which is the anatomical study of the human body. 
• Comparative anatomy, or the comparative study of the anatomy of different organisms.

Physiology is the study of how organisms function. The physi- part of the word comes from a Greek word that is broadly translated as 'natural origin.' The same root is used to form the words physician, physical, and physics. When we think of physics today we think of the study of how matter and energy work, but another way to think about physics is as a study of how nature functions. In that sense, physiology is also a study of how nature functions - in this case, within a living organism. Physiology can be divided into many sub-fields, including plants, animals, bacteria, and more, but most early physiology records focused on how human systems work.

Study of anatomy and physiology plays very important role in the field of sports because of following reasons. 

i. Helps in physical fitness: Strong and fit body is an inevitable asset in the field of sports. Study of anatomy and physiology helps a sport person to understand the structure and function of different parts of human body and to acquire a fit and healthy body. 

ii. Provides knowledge about body structure: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, a sport person knows about the strength and weakness of his body and accordingly they can develop forte in the field of game which is suitable for the sport person as per their body structure. 

iii. Helps in selection of games: on the basis of knowledge of body structure, the coach and player can choose an appropriate sport/ game which is suitable for a particular sport. Like tall students can be selected for basketball and volleyball. And short and stout students can be selected for weight lifting.

iv. Protects from sports injuries: on the basis of anatomy, sports equipments are designed that help in safe play. 

v. Helps in the process of rehabilitation: knowledge of ligaments, tendons and muscles helps in rehabilitation from the injuries sustained during the game or sport. 

vi. Helps in maintaining healthy body: study of anatomy and physiology provides detailed knowledge about all body parts, their nature and functions. This helps the player to adopt good, safe and healthy use of body. 

vii. Helps to know about individual differences: there is a lot of difference between the body of male and female. The knowledge of anatomy and physiology helps in understanding these individual differences. On the basis of these differences, the size of the court, time of game and equipment are designed differently for male and female players.

Friction is said to be a necessary evil because it is useful as well as harmful. friction helps us to walk, write, hold things, lift objects. So it is necessary in our lives. Without friction many essential processes can not be done. On the other hand, it is also unnecessary at times. it sometimes results in loss of energy, wear and tear of parts of machinery, due to which it  also damages things. so it is an essential evil. he weightlifters also use lime on palms before holding the bar in jerk and snatch. In badminton, the players are usually seen to rub their soles of shoes with line before going to the wooden court. In fact, in sports field, there are a lot of examples where friction is advantageous. Even gymnasts also use lime on their plams to perform on horizontal bar, uneven bars and roman rings to have friction. Friction is disadvantageous in some of the sports and games, such as in cycling, there should not he more friction between road and the tyres of cycle. If there is more friction there will be more wastage of energy of the rider. The tyres must be fully inflated to reduce the force of friction in cycling. In roller skating, there should be less friction for better performance.

Consequently, it can be said it is advantageous in some of the sports but in other sports more force of friction is disadvantageous. Upto some extent, some force of friction is required in various sports. The requirement may differ or vary from sports to sports.

When you approach your multisport training, the best way to answer your questions is to better understand the principles behind the work you are putting in to improve. 

These are basic principles of sport training you will want to keep in mind:

Individuality
Everyone is different and responds differently to training. Some people are able to handle higher volumes of training while others may respond better to higher intensities. This is based on a combination of factors like genetic ability, predominance of muscle fiber types, other factors in your life, chronological or athletic age, and mental state.

Specificity
Improving your ability in a sport is very specific. If you want to be a great pitcher, running laps will help your overall conditioning but won’t develop your skills at throwing or the power and muscular endurance required to throw a fastball fifty times in a game. Swimming will help improve your aerobic endurance but won’t develop tissue resiliency and muscular endurance for your running legs.

Progression
To reach the roof of your ability, you have to climb the first flight of stairs before you can exit the 20th floor and stare out over the landscape. You can view this from both a technical skills standpoint as well as from an effort/distance standpoint. In order to swim the 500 freestyle, you need to be able to maintain your body position and breathing pattern well enough to complete the distance. In order to swim the 500 freestyle, you also need to build your muscular endurance well enough to repeat the necessary motions enough times to finish.

Overload
To increase strength and endurance, you need to add new resistance or time/intensity to your efforts. This principle works in concert with progression. To run a 10-kilometer race, athletes need to build up distance over repeated sessions in a reasonable manner in order to improve muscle adaptation as well as improve soft tissue strength/resiliency. Any demanding exercise attempted too soon risks injury. The same principle holds true for strength and power exercises.

Adaptation
Over time the body becomes accustomed to exercising at a given level. This adaptation results in improved efficiency, less effort and less muscle breakdown at that level. That is why the first time you ran two miles you were sore after, but now it’s just a warm up for your main workout. This is why you need to change the stimulus via higher intensity or longer duration in order to continue improvements. The same holds true for adapting to lesser amounts of exercise.

The principles of specificity, progression, overload, adaptation, and reversibility are why practicing frequently and consistently are so important if you want to improve your performance. Missed sessions cannot really be made up within the context of a single season. They are lost opportunities for improvement. Skipping your long ride on weekend A means you can’t or shouldn’t go as far as originally planned on weekend B (progression & overload). Skipping your Monday swim means your swimming skills and muscles won’t be honed or stressed that day (specificity). Missing a week due to a vacation sets you back more than one week (adaptation and reversibility). Apply these principles to your training to get a better understanding of your body and how to achieve success.

The areas sports psychologists teach vary from one person to another depending on their experience and qualifications. Below are the top roles of an applied sports psychologist, a mental game coaching who helps athletes improve performance via mental training.

According to John Luther, “Sports psychology is an area which attempts to apply psychological facts and principles to learning performance and associated human behaviour in whole field of sports.” According to K.M. Burns, “Sports psychology for physical education is that branch of psychology which deals with the physically fitness of an individual through his participation in games and sports.” According to Singer, "Sports psychology explores one’s behaviour in athletics."

The following points the importance of sports psychology :

1. Enhancement of Physiological Capacities :
   Sports psychology plays a very unique role in the enhancement of physiological capacities such as strength, speed and flexibility etc., Motivation plays a major role in the enhancement of physical capacity of sport persons. It is well-known as well as an established fact that psychological capacities or powers can increase physiological capacities of individuals.
2. Learning the Motor Skills : Sports psychology plays its major role in the learning of motor skills. Motor skills learning depends on the individual’s level of readiness, i.e., physiological readiness and psychological readiness. Physiological readiness in children is development of the necessary strength, flexibility and endurance as well as the development of various organ systems so that they may perform motor skills required in the activity. Psychological readiness is related to the learner’s state of mind. It means the desire and willingness to learn the particular skill. In psychological readiness, sports psychology plays an important role. Sports psychology is also helpful in the cognitive stage, the a social-active stage and the autonomous stage of motor skill learning.
3. In understanding the behaviour : Sports psychology helps in understanding the behaviour of athletes or sports persons engaged in competitive sports. Coaches also come to know the interest, attitude towards physical activity, instincts, drives and personality of sports persons. It does not play its role only in understanding of behaviour but it also plays its role in medication of behaviour in various sports situations.
4. In controlling the emotions : Sports psychology plays a very important role in controlling the emotions of sports persons during practice as well as competition. Generally, these emotions may bring spontaneous changes in the behaviour of sports persons. These are anger, disgust, gear, negative self thinking and feeling of ownership, etc. If these emotions are not controlled well in time, the performance may be decreased. Sports psychology plays a vital role at such juncture. It helps in balancing the arousal of emotions which further improves the performance.
5. In preparation of athletes psycho-logically for competitions : Sports psychology also plays its role in preparation of athletes psychologically for competitions. Intact, it has become a trend to give psychological tips to athletes or team players before and after the competitions. That is why, sports psychologists’ services are required with a national level and international level terms. They create the will ‘to win’ in the players.
6. Role in the emotional problems of sports persons : Stress, tension and anxiety are natural during practice period and competitions or tournaments. There may be some other emotional problems such as depression, frustration. Anorexia and panic etc. The knowledge of sports psychology may be helpful in such situations. Techniques of relaxation and concentration for stress management can be applied on sports persons who are under such problems. Conclusively, it can be said that sports psychology plays a very vital role in enhancing the performance of sports persons. It deals with the various mental qualities such as concentration, confidence, emotional control and commitment etc., which are important for successful performance in sports and games.

Sport training is a process of preparation for a sport performance. It is s a pedagogical process, based on scientific principles, aiming at preparing sportsmen for higher performances in sports competition.

SGFI stands for School Games Federation of India.

President : Padamshri Satpal ji, additional Directors of Education (sports), Government of NCT of New Delhi.

Secretary General : Dr. Avadh Kishore Mishra, Director Public Instructions Bhopal (MP).

The School Games Federation of India was formed in December 1954, with the objective of organising games competitions for boys and girls at the national level. At present about 24 states are members of this organisation. In the beginning, this organization, organized competitions in a limited number of games and sports, once a year only. In 1959 at Mumbai meet, then a decision was taken to hold the competitions in two phases i.e. summer games and winter games.Football, Swimming, Kabaddi, Table Tennis and Basket Ball competition were held in summers. In winters, Badminton, Gymnastics, Hockey, Wrestling, Volleyball and Athletic competitions were held.The School Games Federation of India also sends school teams for participation in Asian school games competitions. The success of these games has helped in spreading the feelings of friendship among the participants and also promoting national integration and secularism in the country.

The discipline included are athletics, archery, badminton, baseball, basketball, boxing, chess, cricket, cycling, driving, swimming, fencing, gymnastics, football, handball, hockey, judo, kabaddi, kho-kho, tennis, net ball, rifle shooting, roller hockey skating, softball, table tennis, taekwondo, throwball, volleyball, waterpolo, wrestling and yoga. Because of large number of disciplines. The federation started holding games in two sessions i.e., summer games and winter games. Large number of sports persons participate in these games. Government of India also gives financial help for conducting these games. This federation also sends its teams for international participation in various sports. Help of the state Government and the Government of India have contributed greatly towards the success and promotion of these games. These games have helped in raising the standard of sports in our country. SGFI games are organized in different states under different age groups such as under 14, 16, 17, 19 separately for boys and girls categories.
SGFI Sports Committee : It is headed by Padmashree and Dronacharya award Sh. Satpal ji as Chairman and Dr. Avadh Kishore Mishra as Secretary General of School Games Federation of India. SGFI Sports Technical Committee involves professionals in each discipline. It prepares a sports calendar in advance. All the players who get 1st, 2nd, 3rd place get a National Scholarship.

Adolescence is the age of change. It is a vulnerable time when kids can develop unhealthy habits that grow into problems in their adult life. Behavior issues of adolescence, which are quite common, also crop up during this time, making it impossible for parents to reach out to their teenagers.

Mom Junction explains the major problems of adolescence and how you can help your children avoid or come out of them.

(i) Physical Problems: During adolescence, many bodily or physical changes take place. Menstruation and nightfall become a phenomenon for girls and boys respectively. Development of sex glands takes place. Due to these changes, adolescents feel restless and worried.

(ii) Mental Problems : During this age, stress, tension and strife are common. These traits create many mental problems. An adolescent faces many problems such as difficulty in co-operating with others, anxiety maladjustment, etc.

(iii) Problem of Aggressive Behaviour: In this age group, children tend to show aggressive behaviour. They become aggressive on small matters. They become irritated easily. When they are asked to do certain activity, they become repulsive. They try to become hero.

(iv) Lack of Stability and Adjustment : An adolescent does not remain stable and he faces adjustment problem. His behaviour does not remain content. He feels himself unable to adjust with other people. He fails to co-ordinate with others. Not only outside but he cannot adjust himself in his family. He cannot co-operate with his family members. He feels that he is under
pressure of his parents. He wants to have free atmosphere at home.

(v) Emotional Problems: The life of an adolescent is full of emotions. Under such emotions, he performs some uphill task, which seems to be impossible in the beginning. Rose says, "The adolescent lives intensely emotional life, in which we can see once more the rhythm of positive and negative phases of behaviour in his constant alternation between intense excitement and deep depression. " Sometimes, the adolescent becomes so excited that he considers himself to be at the top of the world and, sometimes, he finds, himself in a state of depression. He feels himself emotionally disturbed.

(vi) Problems Related to Sex : During adolescence, children face many problems, which are related to sex. They try to meet the opposite sex. Sometimes, they become so eager that they do not hesitate to leave their family. They feel restless due to their sexual urge. Rose says, “Sex, then, is the fundamental fact of adolescence, if not all life. Like the overflow of Great River, it irrigates and fertilizes great tracts of life’s territory.”

(vii) Problems of Self-support: Each and every adolescent needs self-support. He wants to make his own place in the society. He desires to live a fruitful life. Rose says, “The adolescent desires to find his place in the world. The desire is a genuine need and refers to the need for self-support. He faces the problems of carrier selection. He does not want to depend upon his family members. He remains in between dependence and independence.”

(viii) Feeling of Importance: An adolescent begins to understand himself important. He thinks that he should also get respect. But, sometimes, parents do not take it seriously. They fail to understand the feelings of adolescent. That’s why he feels himself unimportant and it becomes a great problem.

(ix) Social Problems: It has been observed that adolescents want to adopt their own way, but society creates many hindrances in their paths. So, adolescents revolt against the social customs and traditions. Friends are very important for this age group. They share their views, knowledge and experience and hence, sometimes, the group acts as the medium of spreading social vices and dis-satisfaction. If this group gets proper guidance, it is the best institution for developing sociability, confidence and comprehension. These adolescents fall prey to intoxication, i.e., alcohol, drugs and smoking. Management of Adolescence Problems.

The following suggestions can be beneficial for the management of problems of the adolescence:

(i) Education for Motor Development- An adolescent should be provided the education for his motor development. He should be encouraged to play various games and sports. Through games and sports, his motor development will take place properly.

(ii) Education of Phychology- Teachers and parents should have the basic knowledge of phychology. They should be able to understand the mindset of an adolescent because many problems can be solved by an adolescent himself.

(iii) Vocational guidance- Teachers should provide vocational guidance to the adolescents. This guidance should be provided keeping in view their intelligence, capabilities, aptitude and interest.

(iv) Moral and Religious Education- Moral and Religious Education should be provided to adolescents. Religious and moral education will give them mental peace. Through this some problems like indiscipline, anxiety and, worry can be tackled easily.

(v) To provide suitable environment- Adolescents should be provided suitable environment for growth and development. They should be provided with proper facilities and opportunities for proper development. They should be provided balanced diet, should be taught how to behave and should be provided suitable and healthy environment.

The tournaments are very important in the field of sports for the participants, coaches and physical education teachers:-

(a) The tournaments help in developing the technical and tactical skills of a player/team and the game as a hole.

(b) In a tournament players and teams of different games come forward to participate from different parts of state or country thus the tournament proved a chance to search new talent in sport.

(c) The tournament provides ample recreation to the spectators. That is why a large no. of people go to watch the Olympic game and world cups of various games and sports.

Advantage of knock-out tournament

(1) The knock-out tournaments are less expensive because the team, which gets defeated, is eliminated from the competition.

(2) The knock-out tournament is helpful in enhancing the standard of sports, because each team tries to present the best performance to avoid the defeat.

(3) Owing to less number of matches, it requires less time to complete the tournament.

4) Minimum numbers of official are required in organizing such type of tournaments.

Disadvantage of knock-out tournament

(1) There may be many chances of elimination of good teams in 1^st or 2^nd round. So, good teams may not reach into the final round.

(2) There are maximum chances of weak teams to enter into the final round.

(3) Spectators may to have enough interest in the final match.

A tournament where a team once defeated automatically gets eliminated from the tournament and only the wining team continues. The defeated team is not given a second opportunity.

Tournament is a planning to conduct a sports/games or series of games/sports in which a team/individual finally wins and rest team/individual lose the competition. This planning includes all possible ways to conduct the games/sports in a smooth and successfull manner.

Qualities of a student in a Class:

(i) Discipline: First and foremost quality of a student is discipline. It means a student must follow strict time table for study and follow instruction of teachers, parents and coaches in their day to day life. 

(ii) Focus on the end result: A student should not fear to bear the hardships of learning. He/she should always focus on the end result of completing the course in flying colours so as to reach at the top in their life later on. 

(iii) Manage Relationship: A good student always maintain cordial relationship not only with teachers and staff but also with the fellow students; so that he/she can focus on studies and extra-curricular activities properly. 

(iv) Participate in Sports and Extra-curricular Activities: A good student always participates in sports and other extra-curricular activities so as to achieve the target of over-all personality development. While participating in these activities they never ignore their studies and manage all in a balanced way. 

(v) Sharp Observation: Good students always have sharp observation and keen interest in learning new things, as observation breeds knowledge, knowledge breeds understanding and understanding breeds wisdom. Therefore, their keen observation helps them to become wise enough to handle almost all the situation in life. 

(vi) Asks Right Questions: It is said, “If you ask questions you may seem idiot once but if you will not ask questions there are chances that you remain idiot for ever.” A student always asks questions to clarify what he/she has understood when the teacher is teaching. Even he/she may not hesitate to ask right questions from his seniors or class-mates to clarify difficult concepts. 

(vii) Learn through Doing: Good students always try to learn by doing instead of mugging up the theory. They have the understanding that learning by doing is the best method of learning and it remains for longer time in their minds.

Physical education is a course taught in school that focuses on developing physical fitness and the ability to perform and enjoy day-to-day physical activities with ease. Kids also develop skills necessary to participate in a wide range of activities, such as soccer, basketball, or swimming.

Disorder is the State of confusion or disrupt in the systematic functioning.

1. Newton’s First Law of Motion Law of inertia – 

This law states that a body at rest will remain at rest and a body in motion will remain in motion at the same speed and in the same direction till any external force is . applied on it to change that state. Application in sports 

Example: In basketball, players on the court must keep in mind about dribbling because the ball will continue to bounce for some time if they lose control. If the ball bounces too far away from the player, his or her team can lose possession. 

2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion 

This law states that the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force producing it and inversely proportional to its mass. 

Application in sports 

• Runners struggle while stopping at the finish line because it requires a very sudden change in motion. 
• Shot-put throw. 

3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion 

This law states that to every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. 

Application in sports 

While swimming, the swimmer pushes the water backwards using his hands and thus attains a forward push due to an equal and opposite reaction from the water.

ODD is the oppositional deficient disorder when most of the children are oppositional from time to time, particularly when tired, hungry, stressed or upset, it is called as oppositinal defiant disorder.

Role of sports in the overall personality development is 

1. Physical development – Games lead to proficiency in the neuro-muscular coordination, well organized games are stimulant to physical growth. They shape the body and maintain the optimum health from childhood to adulthood and gain speed, strength, flexibility etc. 

2. Mental Development – Individuals learn to make judgments, utilize reflective and creative thinking to obtain knowledge about rules and regulations through sports and it also sharpens an individual’s mind. 

3. Social Development – Players belonging to different places come closer to one another, human relations are developed, social qualities like fair play sportsmanship, courtesy are developed, games are just like fields where seeds of high character are sown and a harvest of better man is reaped. 

4. Emotional Development – Games develop emotions like hope, jealousy, distress, anger etc. and enable the individual to have proper control over these emotions. 

5. It also helps in building confidence and higher self – Esteem. 

6. Playing any kind of sport develops leadership qualities in an individual.

Work: product of force and the amount of displacement in the direction of that force is work. To determine the amount of work done on an object, we should know: 

(a) average force exerted on the object 

(b) direction of this force 

(c) displacement of the object along the line of action of force during the time the force acts on the object. e.g., All isotonic movements of sports like bench press. pull-ups, etc. 

Power: It is defined as rate of doing work. It is the ability to perform large amount of work but as fast as possible. SI unit of power is watt. The power output depends upon the duration of activity. Less duration activity shows high power output. 

Energy: The capacity to do work is called energy. In sports mainly two types of energy are used. 

(a) kinetic energy. 

(b) potential energy 

Kinetic energy: It is the energy due to motion, e.g., basketball. 

Potential energy: It is the energy due to position, e.g, skiing.

ADHD, ASD, SPD, ODD, OCD.

It is a process that involves the underlying biological, environmental and task demands influencing both motor performance and movement abilities of individual from infancy through older adulthood.

There are various committees involved right from the organization of a particular event and till its final closing ceremony. These committees can be-

• Publicity Committee – It advertises the sports events, announces the date, venue, etc. Transport Committee – It provides the facility of transportation of various teams to the venue of the event. 
• Boarding And Lodging Committee – It makes necessary arrangements for providing accommodation and serving meals 
• Decoration And Ceremony Committee – It is responsible for decoration of sports arena or stadium. 
• Grounds And Equipments Committee – It is responsible for making grounds or layering out the field. 
• Refreshments And Entertainment Committee – It has the charge of supplying refreshments and drinks to the guests, officials and students.
• Reception Committee – It welcomes the guests and spectators by showering warm wishes on them.

Each part of the triad can impair health and sports performance. They are as under: 

(a) Disorder eating: An under fuelled athlete is a slow and weak athlete. If your muscles lack sufficient and proper fuel, performance is impaired, it causes inability to concentrate. There is loss of strength and muscle size which can cause injury. 

(b) Amenorrhoea: Loss of menstrual period may signal a change in your body's intricate and complicated hormone system. Hormone imbalance results in lowered estrogen production.

(c) Osteoporosis: Loss of bone, especially if you are an athlete can set up for an injury. Stress fracture can sideline sports activity and be slow to repair if you are unfuelled. 

Conclusion: The above mentioned points contribute to good sports environment. When the environment of performing the activity is good, undoubtedly the player can perform better.

Motor development in children: Motor development takes place when the child is biologically and mentally mature. Motor development in children includes movement control, flexibility, understanding motor skills, proper body composition and development of physical and emotional traits through many stages of childhood.

Food is a mixture of various substances which are essential for life whereas nutrition is a dynamic process in which body is made healthy by consumption of food. Sports nutrition is known as study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to sports performance. Good and adequate nutrition helps athletes to train hard, recover quickly and adapt more effectively with less risk of illness and injury. If an athlete lacks any constituents of diet it affects his or her performance. On the other hand, if he/she takes more than required calories it shall hamper the performance and increase the body weight. Thus diet plays a crucial role in performance. 

Fluid intake: 

1. Before the competition – drink at least 500 ml of water before 2 hours of the match. 

2. During the competition – 180-240 ml of water should be consumed for matches lasting for less than an hour. For matches lasting more than one hour, consume 150-300 ml of water or carbohydrates after every 20 min. 

3. After the competition – take sodium after the competition. 

Meal intake: 

1. Before the competition – 80%-90% carbohydrates. 

2. During the competition – light food, low fat, low protein. 

3. After the competition – carbohydrate intake within 15 min to restore glycogen.

The quality, of sports diet depends on correct proportion of carbohydrates. proteins, fats. vitamins. salt and minerals which constitute main nutrients of the diet. 

(a) Proteins: Proteins are the main building foods and they form main constituents of muscles, tissues and blood. They supply the building material for the body during the growth process and also repair the wear and tear of muscles, ligaments and tendons. Hence, they are most essential for an athlete. The ideal sports diet should have both animal and vegetable proteins in adequate quantities. 

(b) Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates form the main hulk of a sportsman's diet and are the main sources of energy for physical activities. These are sources of 'instant energy' for athletic activities. This is the reason why athletes are advised to take glucose during physical activities: glucose should be taken in specific dilution in water for people who are physically active, at least 50% to 60% of calories should come from carbohydrates. 

(c) Fat: Physical activity and vigorous exercise appear to help the fat in the diet without much increase in the blood cholesterol which is the reason why active sportsmen are less prone to high blood pressure and heart attacks. 

(d) Mineral: Excessive sweating during exercise, especially in hot climate, causes loss of optimum amount of sodium and more potassium from the body. Hence, fruit juices should be added to the fluids taken during and after exercise. Iron requirement of Indian athletes is comparatively higher due to increased sweating, chances of worm infestation. etc. 

(e) Vitamins: The requirement of various vitamins, particularly vitamin A, vitamin B complex and vitamin C increases during sports activities. In sports, vitamins are often used against one's better judgement in the hope of improving performance. Drink small volume of water frequently rather than large volumes infrequently, e.g.,6-8 ounces every 15 minutes. Water makes 70% of our body weight. Sports persons should drink enough water to replace the water they lose through sweating.

Flat foot is a very common postural deformity. Flat foot means there is no arch in the foot. It is mainly caused by overweight, prolonged standing. It does not interfere with normal functions of the foot.

Types of Pranayama where one breathes slowly and deeply.

Effect of diet on sports performance-

Pre Event - Solid to be taken four hours before the competition. Protein can be avoided before the competition. Carbohydrates help in maintaining the blood glucose level. Always avoid rich fat and protein in the diet, because they slow down the digestion.

During Competition-Carbohydrates can be easily digested and can provide energy in a short period of time. Marathon/endurance runners while running generally consume a high carbohydrate containing gel.

After/post competition- post competition meals provides fast recovery. carbohydrates are consumed to restore glycogen. Concentrate of meal on carbohydrate at least 100-200gms. Consuming protein with carbohydrates post exercise will help in building, maintaining and repairing tissues.

Health run: Running is a natural human activity. Running meets our biological and physiological needs. It is more of a fun, enjoyment and satisfaction. Health run programmes are usually carried out in the army or camps to improve the fitness of Jawans. Generally, people run individually according to their convenience.

Availability

Simplest, most accessible mode to achieve fitness and good health.

(a) Cognitive Disability

(b)Intellectual Disability

(c) Physical Disability

Detailed Answer :

The different types of disabilities are:

(a) Cognitive disabilities: It refers to lower than average intellectual functioning. A person who has cognitive disability has trouble performing mental tasks which an average person would be able to easily.

(b) Intellectual disabilities: It is characterized by below average intelligence or mental ability and a lack of skills necessary for day to day living. People with intellectual disabilities can and do learn new skills, but they learn very slowly.

(c) Physical disabilities: It is a limitation of a person’s physical functioning, mobility, dexterity or stamina. The physical disabilities include impairments which limit other facts of daily living, such as respiratory disorders, blindness, sleep disorders etc. 

• Extension – Straightening or extending the parts at a joint that increase the angle between the parts and move farther apart. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb
• Adduction – It is characterized as moving a part toward the midline. For example, returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body. The direction of the movement is towards the midline.

Difference between abduction and adduction are:

1. (d) Eight foot up and go test

2. (a) Lower body strength

3. (c) 8 pounds

(a) 72

(b) Strength

(b) 35-40 years