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D. Morley-Minto

Programmes for Non-cooperation Movement:

1. Mahatma Gandhi, Rabindranath Tagore surrendered their titles ‘Kaiser-e-Hind’ and ‘Knighthood honour’ respectively.
2. Other leaders of the nation also gave up their titles and positions.
3. Students left English schools and colleges.
4. At various places, foreign clothes were set on fire.
5. Duke of Kainatt came to India, he was boycotted.
6. National schools and colleges were established.
7. To make this movement unsuccessful and to break the unity of Hindi-Muslim, Government supported the policy of suppression.

Effect of Non-Co-operation Movement:

1. The Nagpur Conference gave the approval to Non-Co-operation movement in December 1920.
2. Hindu-Muslims were united.
3. More than one crore rupees was collected in the Tilak Fund.
4. The Congress made a strong demand for independence of India (Swarajya) instead of self-government.
5. Chauri-Chaura incident look place in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, Where people attacked the police station and set on fire in which 21 policemen died.
6. On receiving this horrible news, Gandhiji suspended the Movement immediately.

Effect of the movement:

1. This Movement did not achieve its desired aims, not through its negative and constructive aspect, managed to generate in people, awareness of their injustice.
2. There was a political awareness among all the classes of India.
3. The faith in independence became stronger.
4. The fear of lathi, punishment and imprisonment was removed.
5. The youth and women too came forward to
   serve their nation and the Congress became an organization of the people.
6. Schools giving national education began.
7. Hindi started getting more importance than English.
8. The Movement that was limited to cities and towns and intellectuals spread to the people and village.

A. National Mourning Day

1. Turkey together with Germany fought the First World War against England and lost it.

2. After the war, England forced Turkey to sign a treaty and captured its many provinces.

3. Turkey was also forced to follow several unjust terms and conditions.

4. The Sultan of Turkey was also the religious head i.e., ‘Khalifa’ of Muslims worldwide.

5. So, the movement started by Indians to protest the unjust terms of British against the Turkey and the Sultan. It came to be known as the Khilafat Movement.

6. Ali brothers namely Maulana Shaukat Ali and Maulana Mohammad Ali were the chief leaders of this Movement.

7. To maintain Hindu-Muslim unity, Gandhiji requested the Congress to support this Movement.

8. The Movement became strong with the support of Congress.

The Non-Cooperation movement did not achieve its desired aims, nut through its negative and constructive aspect, managed to generate in people, awareness of their injustice.

1. There was a political awareness among all the classes of India.
2. The faith in independence became stronger.
3. The fear, of lathi, punishment and imprisonment was removed.
4. The youth and women too came forward to serve their nation and Congress became an organization of the people.
5. Schools giving national education began.
6. Hindi started getting more importance than English.

1. People of Chauri-Chaura village in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh took out the rally.
2. The police opened fire on the people.
3. When they ran short of bullets, people attacked the police station and set on fire in which 21 policemen died.
4. On receiving this horrible news, Gandhiji said, ‘I have committed a Himalayan blunder by giving the tool of Satyagraha in the hands of people who do not understand the value of ‘ non-violence’.
5. He suspended the Movement immediately.

1. Lord Minto became the viceroy of India after Lord Curzon.

2. He started giving favorable treatment to the Muslim.

3. He was successful in convincing the Muslim leaders to form a separate organization and .demand separate communal electorate.

4. With his active support All India Muslim League was established in 1906.

5. Morley-Minto reforms granted separate communal electorates for the Muslims.

6. Therefore, Lord Minto is described as ‘ The Father of Muslim Communalism’.

Mopiah Revolt:

1. During the Non-Cooperation Movement, a revolt took place between Hindu landlords and Muslim peasants in Malabar district of Kerala.
2. This revolt was known as Moplah Revolt. This revolt was criticised because on one side Hindu-Muslim unity was gaining strength whereas in Malabar, Hindus and Muslims were fighting. This revolt was suppressed by the British.

(i) ISI: The Government of India had established Indian Standards Institute (ISI) in 1947 to regulate the quality of industrial products. Since, 1986, it is known as Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). It awards ISI mark to the products that meet the prescribed standards. The BIS allows the use of ISI mark on textile, chemicals, rubber products, cement, electronic goods, pesticides and insecticides.

(ii) AGMARK: The practice of awarding AGMARK to the farm, horticulture and animal products was started in 1937. It is awarded by Directorate of Marketing and Intelligence – (DMI), within the Ministry of Agriculture Complaints regarding quality of any product can by lodged with the regional office of BIS.

(iii) BIS marks assure the quality/purity of gold. The purity number 916 indicates 22-carat gold. Along with the number, Hallmark logo is given which indicates the year of manufacture of the gold ornament. [916 = 22 carat J = Manufacture in 2008]

(iv) FPO mark is used for the tinned jam, fruit juices, squash, fruits and vegetables.

(v) Woolmark is given for woollen products.

(vi) MPO mark is given for meat and mutton products.

(vii) ACCP, i.e. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point is given to the processed foods.

(viii) Eco mark is given to soaps, detergents, paper, lubricants, packing material, color, chemicals, power coating, battery, cosmetics, leather and plastic products.

1. The British adopted the policy of Divide and Rule to break the Hindu-Muslim unity and to create internal enmity and rules easily on the divided communities.

2. To cmsh their unity and rising nationalism, Viceroy Lord Minto and Indian Vizier (i.e. Vazir/Diwan) Morley together made a plan.

3. The English successfully convinced the Muslims that instead of being a part of Indian political organization, they should form a separate organization of Muslims and demand separate voting rights and voting centers.

4. The Muslims got convinced and they formed the Muslim League in 1906.

5. Agah Khan – the religious head of Muslims, Salimulla Khan- the Nawab of Dhaka, Viceroy Minto and his minister Dunlop Smith played an important role in establishing the Muslim League.

6. Muslims organised their conference on the same day as that of Congress in order to avoid attending the Congress conference.

7. Thus, the demand for separate Muslim organisation was not of Muslims but the devil mind of Viceroy Minto.

8. This feeling of division led to the creation of Pakistan too.

C. Madam Bhikaiji Cama

11 अगस्त, 1945 के दिन जापान के शरणागति स्वीकार करते ही द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध समाप्त हुआ था ।

  इसके निम्नलिखित परिणाम निकले:

(1) आर्थिक परिणाम: महायुद्ध में भयंकर विनाश हुआ था । इस युद्ध में भाग लेनेवाले देशों का बेसुमार खर्च हुआ था । इस महायुद्ध में राष्ट्रों ने उपयोगी शस्त्र-सामग्री के उत्पादन को महत्त्व दिया । इसलिए जीवन की आवश्यकता की वस्तुओं का अभाव खड़ा हुआ, उत्पादन घटा, अवमूल्यन बढ़ा, लोगों की रोजी-रोटी की कमी पड़ने लगी । लोगों का आर्थिक जीवन अस्तव्यस्त हो गया । परिणामस्वरूप विश्व के राष्ट्रों में महामंदी और विश्व राजनीति एवं अर्थव्यवस्था में युगप्रवर्तक परिवर्तन हुए थे ।

(2) चीन में साम्राज्यवाद की स्थापना: द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद जापान की शक्ति क्षीण हो गयी थी । इस परिस्थिति का चीन पर से उसका प्रभाव घट गया । उसका लाभ लेकर चीन में माओ-त्से-तुंग के नेतृत्व में चीन में हुई क्रांति के अंत में साम्यवाद की स्थापना हुई ।

(3) शीत युद्ध: द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के बाद विश्व अमेरिका और रूस इन दो महासत्ताओं में विभाजित हो गया था । इन दोनों सत्ता गुटों ने एकदूसरे के मत का खण्डन करना शुरू कर दिया और अपने-अपने मत का समर्थन के लिए वैचारिक (वाक् युद्ध) को अपनाया । इससे शीत युद्ध की स्थिति का सृजन हुआ । इससे अनेक बार तृतीय विश्वयुद्ध होते-होते बच गया ।

(4) संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ की स्थापना: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद विश्व शांति की स्थापना हेतु राष्ट्रसंघ की स्थापना की गयी थी । लेकिन वह अपने कार्यों में असफल रहा और दूसरा विश्वयुद्ध हुआ । अत: राष्ट्रसंघ को समाप्त कर संयुक्त राष्ट्रसंघ की स्थापना की गयी ।

Lord Curzon divided the Bengal on 16th October 1905 into East Bengal and West Bengal, in the name of bringing about administrative efficiency.

Provisions of the Consumer Court:

(i) District Courts or Forums have been set up in every district. Approximately, 571 District Courts-Forums are working throughout to the Country. These courts have been given power to decide compensation claim upto? 20 Lakh. The application can be filed by paying the prescribed fees. A party dissatisfied with the decision can file an appeal with the State Commission within 30 days by depositing 50% of the claim amount or? 25,000, whichever is less.

(ii) The State Commission has been established in all states and the Union Territories. It has been given power to decide compensation claims between? 20 lakh and 1 crores. It consists of a five-member bench. It is expected to decide the case within 90 days of filing case. A party dissatisfied with the decision can file an appeal with the National Commission within 30 days by depositing 50% of the claim amount or ? 35,000 whichever is less.

(iii) The National Commission is the apex consumer court in India. It consists of a bench of five members. It has been given the power to decide compensation claims above X 1 crore. It is expected to decide the case within 30 days of filing case. A party, either applicant or respondent, dissatisfied with the decision can file a review petition with the Supreme Court of India by depositing 50% of the compensation claim amount of? 50,000 whichever is less.

[Note: A consumer court can order fine or imprisonment for non-compliance of its order. People below poverty – line, handicapped persons and senior citizens have been exempted from payment of fees under the prescribed conditions. They are also provided free legal aid by the District Free Legal Service.]

1. Rowlatt Act was framed with the purpose of suppressing revolutionaries and nationalists.
2. This Act came to be known as ‘Black Act.’
3. As per this Act, any suspicious person could be arrested and jailed without conducting any trial against him.
4. It was meant to suppress individual freedom and freedom of speech. So Gandhiji called it a Black Act.

अमेरिकी वर्चस्व पर अंकुश
संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के निरन्तर बढ़ते वर्चस्व ने यह सोचने पर बाध्य कर दिया है कि उसके वर्चस्व से किस प्रकार छुटकारा पाया जा सकता है। वास्तव में अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय राजनीति सरकार-विहीन राजनीति है। हालाँकि युद्धों पर अंकुश लगाने वाले कुछ नियम एवं कानून अवश्य हैं लेकिन ये युद्धों पर प्रभावी अंकुश लगाने में सक्षम नहीं हैं। सम्भवतया कोई भी देश ऐसा नहीं है जो अपनी सुरक्षा के प्रश्न को अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय कानूनों के सहयोग से हल करना चाहेगा।
यह निर्विवाद सत्य है कि कोई भी देश अमेरिकी सैन्य शक्ति के समकक्ष नहीं है। हालाँकि भारत, चीन तथा रूस जैसे विशाल देशों में अमेरिकी वर्चस्व को चुनौती दे पाने की अपार सम्भावनाएँ हैं, लेकिन इन देशों के मध्य परस्पर आपसी मतभेदों एवं विभेदों के रहते अमेरिका के खिलाफ कोई गठबन्धन हो इसकी सम्भावनाएँ अत्यधिक कमजोर हैं।

विश्व राजनीति में संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के वर्चस्व से निपटने के लिए विभिन्न विद्वानों ने निम्नलिखित रास्ते सुझाए हैं-

1. वर्चस्व तन्त्र में रहते हुए अवसरों का लाभ उठाया जाए – विभिन्न विद्वानो का अभिमत है कि वर्चस्व-जनित अवसरों का लाभ उठाने की रणनीति अधिक उपयोगी होती है। उदाहरणार्थ, आर्थिक वृद्धि दर को ऊँचा उठाने के लिए व्यापार को बढ़ावा, प्रौद्योगिकी का हस्तान्तरण तथा निवेश परमावश्यक है और अमेरिका के साथ कन्धे-से-कन्धा मिलाकर कार्य करने में सफलता प्राप्त होगी न कि उसका विरोध करने में। ऐसी परिस्थिति में यह परामर्श दिया जाता है कि सर्वाधिक शक्तिशाली देश के खिलाफ जाने की अपेक्षा उसके वर्चस्व तन्त्र में रहते हुए अवसरों का भरपूर लाभ उठाना कहीं उचित एवं सार्थक रणनीति है। इसे बैंडवैगन अर्थात् “जैसी बहे बयार पीठ वैसी कीजै” की रणनीति कहा जाता है।
2. वर्चस्व वाले देश से दूर रहने का प्रयास करना-विश्व के देशों के समक्ष एक विकल्प यह भी है कि वे स्वयं अपने आपको छुपाकर रखें। इसका अभिप्राय दबदबे वाले देश से जहाँ तक हो सके दूर-दूर रहना होता है। इस व्यवहार के विभिन्न उदाहरण हैं। चीन, रूस तथा यूरोपीय संघ सभी किसी-न-किसी प्रकार से अपने आपको अमेरिकी नजरों में आने से बचा रहे हैं। इस प्रकार ये देश स्वयं अपने आपको बिना किसी कारण संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के क्रोध की चपेट में आने से बचाते हैं।
हालाँकि मध्यम श्रेणी में आने वाले शक्तिशाली देशों के लिए यह रणनीति लम्बी समयावधि तक काम नहीं आ सकती। छोटे देशों के लिए यह संगत तथा आकर्षक रणनीति सिद्ध हो सकती है, लेकिन यह कल्पना- शक्ति से बाहर की बात है कि भारत, चीन तथा रूस जैसे विशाल देश अथवा यूरोपीय संघ जैसा बड़ा जमावड़ा स्वयं को लम्बी समयावधि तक अमेरिकी दृष्टि से बचाए रख सके।
3. राज्येतर संस्थाएँ अमेरिकी वर्चस्व से निपटने के लिए आगे आएँगी-कुछ विद्वानों का अभिमत है कि अमेरिकी वर्चस्व का प्रतिकार कोई देश अथवा देशों का समूह कर ही नहीं पाएगा क्योंकि वर्तमान परिस्थितियों में विश्व के सभी राष्ट्र अमेरिकी शक्ति के समक्ष स्वयं को बौना समझते हुए लाचार हैं। लोगों की मान्यता है कि राज्येतर संस्थाएँ अमेरिकी वर्चस्व से निपटने के लिए आगे आएँगी।

अमेरिकी वर्चम्ब को आर्थिक तथा सांस्कृतिक धरातल पर चुनौती दी जा सकती है। यह चुनौती स्वयंसेवी संगठनों, सामाजिक आन्दोलनों तथा जनमत के सरकार मिलने से सम्भव हो पाएगी! मीडिया, बुद्धिजीवी, कलाकार तथा लेखकों इत्यादि का एक वर्ग अमेरिकी वर्चस्व के प्रतिरोध के लिए आगे आएगा। ये राज्येतर संस्थाएँ विश्वव्यापी नेटवर्क स्थापित कर सकती हैं, जिसमें अमेरिकी जनसमुदाय भी अपनी जनसहभागिता करेगा और साथ-साथ मिलकर अमेरिका की गलत नीतियों की आलोचना तथा प्रतिरोध किया जा सकेगा।

हमने विश्व – ग्राम की बात सुन रखी है। इस विश्व-ग्राम में एक चौधरी है और हम सभी उसके पड़ोसी हैं। यदि इस चौधरी का हमारे प्रति आचरण असहनीय हो जाए तो भी विश्व-ग्राम से चले जाने का विकल्प हमारे पास नहीं है क्योंकि यह एकमात्र गाँव है जिसे हम जानते हैं और हमें यह भी ज्ञात है कि हमारे रहने के लिए भी एकमात्र यही स्थल शेष बचा है तो ऐसी विषम परिस्थितियों से हमारे समक्ष एक विकल्प यही शेष बचता है कि हम ऐसे चौधरी का प्रतिरोध करें।

1. The Sultan of Turkey was Khalifa-Muslim head at the time of First World War.

2. He was defeated in the war.

3. Indian Muslims started the movement in India to oppose the strict terms imposed on Turkey and the Sultan.

4. This is known as Khilafat movement.

• The Revolt of 1857 was the first revolt raised by Indian to drive away the British from India.
• Factors that caused this revolt included political dissatisfaction, economic exploitation, social and religious factors and military reasons.
• The Indian sepoys were given poor salaries and allowances by the British.
• The conditions of service also made then unhappy.
• The higher posts were reserved for the British army.
• Some of the new rules violated religions sometimes and beliefs of Indian sepoys.
• The revolt’s immediate cause was forcing Indian sepoys to use newly introduced Enfield rifle. The
• British accepted that cartridges were coated with the fets of cows and pigs. Indian sepoys had to tear the cartridge with mouth. Putting meat in mouth was against the religion.
•  Mangal Pandey was the first to oppose the use of this cartridge and then the first Martyr of the Revolt of 1857.
• Several prominent Indians like Nana Saheb, Tatya Tope, Raja Kunwar Singh, Rani Laxmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, etc. also took part in the revolt.
• Though the revolt failed, it-brought about several changes in India.
• Change in administrative, military, social and religious policies, end of British Company rule and at last end of British Rule in India in 1947 were among the various effects of this revolt.

1. Viceroy Curzon divided Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal with an objective of breaking Hindu-Muslim unity and rising nationalism.

2. People opposed this division strongly and whole Bengal observed ‘National Mourning Day’.

3. To further oppose this division, on the very same day it was announced to boycott all foreign goods and use Swadeshi i.e., indigenous or Indian made goods.

4. Since people started buying swadeshi goods from Indians, people’s economic condition improved.

5. On the other hand, the English industries badly suffered due to boycott of their goods.

6. Import of English goods such as cloth from Manchester, sugar, shoes, cigarettes, tobacco, etc. either stopped or reduced drastically. So the British incurred huge losses.

7. Indian also started factories for producing Swadeshi goods.

8. Looking to gathering strength of people, rise in nationalism and huge losses to the British company, the British had no choice but to cancel the division of Bengal.

A complaint to the District Consumer Forum can be filed by

1. the consumer
2. the Government of India, State Government and the Government of Union Territory
3. Consumer Society
4. Representative of consumer, and
5. any member of the family of the consumer who had purchased goods or services.

A complaint can be either handwritten or typed or sent through e-mail. When a complaint is lodged in a forum/ court, it has to be accompanied by affidavit, giving information about name, address and contact number. The reasons for filing complaint should be clearly started. Xerox copies of the supportive documents/ evidences related to complaint should be enclosed. Bills and receipts of payment should be enclosed.

Details of cheque should be given when the payment is made by cheque. Other evidences such as copy of advertisement, pamphlet; prospectus and terms/conditions offered by the seller should be enclosed. Bills and receipts of payment should be enclosed. Details of cheque should be given when the payment is made by cheque. Other evidences such as copy of advertisement, pamphlet; prospectus and terms/conditions offered by the seller should be enclosed. A complaint has the be filed within two year of the incident. Consumer may Call 1800-233-0222 of Gujarat state helpline or 1800-114000 . of national helpline to file complaint and to seek legal information and guidance.

1. Under the British rule Indian were tortured, exploited and ruined.

2. Indians had no stand and say against the British.

3. There was also a high level of political dissatisfaction, against the British policies.

4. Before the revolt got a great impetus around the country.

5. It made people aware that they should raise their voice against the British rule and free India.

6. As a result of the revolt, the British had to forcibly change its administrative, military, social and religious policies in India.

7. Thus, the revolt and the change in the British approach encouraged people to fight for freedom.

8. Hence, one can say that the roots of Indian independence were sown in the revolt of 1857.

As per the provisions of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, a consumer is a person who has made payment or has agreed for any offered mode of payment in lieu of purchase of any commodity or service. The person who pays the value of product, either in the form of installments or by hire- purchase system- or either hires a service or receives a service called a consumer. Such persons are covered under the Act as ‘consumers’ and receive protection provided by the Act.

Besides the selfish attitude of the traders and the manufacturers to exploit the consumers to earn extra profit.

The following factors are responsible for the exploitation of the consumers:

1. Consumers: Most consumers are ignorant about the prevailing market conditions. They are unaware of their rights and are unwilling to organize themselves to fight against exploitation.
2. Limited information: The consumers have very little information about products and their quality and utility. They are not aware of the guarantee and warranty. Moreover, the salesmen do not provide such information.
3. Limited supply: The traders create artificial scarcity of popular products. The traders take undue advantage of scarcity.
4. Limited competition: The manufacturers/traders form cartels and create monopolistic situations. The consumers find themselves in market where there is limited or no competition and get themselves exploited.

विश्व के अधिकांश संगठन व्यापार के लिए ही बनाए गए हैं। व्यापार लोगों के आपसी मेल-जोल से ज्यादा महत्त्वपूर्ण नहीं है, लेकिन व्यापार के माध्यम से लोगों का मेल-जोल भी बढ़ता है।

Following circumstances were responsible for the fierce revolutionary movement in India and spread in the other countries as well:

1. The emergence of the radical group within the Congress that advocated agitational methods.
2. The Partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon and the anti-partition movement in Bengal.
3. The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907.

Revolutionary Movement in Gujarat:

1. Sri Aurobindo Ghosh was the pioneer of armed revolution in Gujarat. But he remained behind the curtain.
2. His brother Baarindra Kumar Ghosh remained in the forefront.
3. He arrived in Gujarat and moved towards the southern part. ‘
4. He met Sakaria Swami on the bank of Narmada who was assocaited with Queen of Jhansi.
5. Baarindra Kumar involved some of the middle-class youth from Vadodara, Charotar region, Ahmedabad, Mehsana in the revolution.
6. In this selection, the buggy of Viceroy Minto was bombed outside at Raipur Darwaja in Ahmedabad.
7. Shri Aurobindo Ghosh described the scheme for revolution in his book named ‘Bhavani Mandir’
8. It was also translated into Gujarati and published in the journal ‘Dakshina’.
9. Besides this, booklets with titles like ‘Deshi Vanaspati Davao’, ‘Nahavana Sabu Banavvani Reet’, ‘Kasrat’, ‘Gulab no kisso’, ‘Kayada no Sangrah’ etc. were published in order to spread the through of revolution, so that Britishers won’t understand!
10. These booklets contained methods of preparing bombs.
11. ‘Ganganath Vidyalaya’ was established near Chandod-Kamali, where secret revolutionary activities were carried out.
12. Many Gujarati youth joined these revolutionary activities against whom Stem action was taken by the government.
13. But the fight did not stop and finally government realized that suppression would not help to rale over India.

चूँकि अमेरिका सैन्य प्रभुत्व, आर्थिक शक्ति, राजनीतिक दबदबे तथा सांस्कृतिक बढ़त के मामले में विश्व में चोटी पर है। जब अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय व्यवस्था में शक्ति का एक ही केन्द्र हो तो उसे वर्चस्व शब्द के प्रयोग में वर्णित करना उचित होता है। इस दृष्टिकोण से यह अध्याय भारतीय वर्चस्व के शीर्षक से नहीं लिखा जा सकता है।

1. The extreme revolutionary movements in Gujarat were mainly led by two brothers . from Kolkata namely Aurobindo Ghosh and Barindra Ghosh.

2. Both worked at their own capacities for fierce revolution in Gujarat.

3. Barindra Ghosh met several people at Gujarat, gathered middle-class youth and did revolutionary activities.

4. On the other hand, Aurobindo Ghosh, developed schemes for revolution and published various books that contained methods on how to prepare bombs.

5. Many youths from Gujarat got inspired by the activities of these brothers and joined the revolutionary movements.

6. Thus, the companionship of two Bengali brothers put Gujarat on the Indian map of extreme revolutionary movements.

सन् 1929 में एकाएक अमेरिका के ‘बालस्ट्रीट’ शेयर बाजार में बहुत ही अधिक मात्रा में शेयर बेचने से शेयर की कीमत अत्यंत भयानक रूप से घटने लगी इसलिए विवेचकों ने उसे ‘बालस्ट्रीट संकट’ के नाम से पहचाना था ।

• 24 अक्टूबर, 1929 में उत्पन्न इस संकट ने पूरे विश्व की आर्थिक स्थिति को डामाडोल कर डाला । इससे वैश्विक महामंदी का सृजन हुआ ।
• विश्व के अधिकांश राष्ट्र इस महामंदी के प्रभाव में आ गए थे ।
• ग्रेट ब्रिटन जैसी महासत्ता को भी अपने प्रचलित मुद्रा पाउण्ड के समक्ष आरक्षित रूप से रखे जाते स्वर्ण के जत्थे की नीति त्यागनी पड़ी ।
• इसका प्रभाव विश्व के अन्य राष्ट्रों और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय व्यापार-उद्योग पर पड़ा ।
• अमेरिका जैसे समृद्ध राष्ट्रों को आर्थिक स्थिति की अवगणना करके भी कठोर नियंत्रण लादना पड़ा ।
• विश्व व्यापार घटकर आधा हो गया । इससे द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध की रूपरेखा का सृजन हुआ ।

Administered Price Mechanism: The government has made it obligatory for all the manufacturers to state the MRP (Maximum Retail Price) on their products, which are inclusive of all taxes. Essential Commodities Act, 1955 lays down the level of stocks to be maintained and their display. The traders are required to maintain stock registers. Any disparity between actual stock and that mentioned in stock register attracts punishment.

द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के लिए निम्न कारक उत्तरदायी थे:

(1) उग्र राष्ट्रवाद: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद जर्मनी, जापान और इटली में उग्र राष्ट्रवाद का उदय हुआ । इससे विश्व शांति को खतरा उत्पन्न हुआ । दूसरे विश्वयुद्ध के आसार बनने लगे ।

(2) गुटबंदियाँ: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद फ्रांस को हमेशा जर्मनी का भय होने से बेल्जियम, पौलेण्ड, रूमानिया तथा जेकोस्लोवेकिया के साथ मैत्री समझौता किया । इसी प्रकार, जर्मनी, जापान, रूस आदि देशों ने गुप्त संधियाँ की थी । जिससे विश्व में भय का साम्राज्य खड़ा हो गया था ।

(3) सैन्यवाद: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद युरोप के राष्ट्रों में शस्त्रीकरण की स्पर्धा उत्पन्न हो गयी थी । रुस, जर्मनी, जैसे राष्ट्रों ने अनिवार्य सेना प्रशिक्षण शुरू किया । इंग्लैण्ड और फ्रांस द्वारा भी अपनी शस्त्र-सामग्री में वृद्धि किये जाने से द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध के नगाड़े बजने लगे ।

(4) राष्ट्रसंघ की असफलता: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद विश्वशांति स्थापना हेतु राष्ट्रसंघ की रचना हुई थी । लेकिन उसके सदस्य अपने स्वार्थ हेतु उससे निकलते गये । यह सर्वोपरी संस्था नहीं बन सकी । राष्ट्रसंघ गुटबंदी को भी नहीं रोक सका ।

(5) वर्सेल्स की संधि: प्रथम विश्वयुद्ध के बाद जर्मनी पर वर्सेल्स की संधि थोपी गयी थी । उस पर भयंकर युद्धदण्ड लादा गया । इस संधि से किसी न किसी प्रकार कई राष्ट्रों के साथ अन्याय हुआ था । इसलिए वर्सेल्स की संधि में ही द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का बीजारोपण हुआ था ।

(6) एडोल्फ हिटलर की साम्राज्यवादी नीति : हिटलर उग्र साम्राज्यवादी मानसिकता रखता था, इसलिए वह किसी भी मूल्य पर जर्मनी की एकता, स्थिरता और समृद्धि चाहता था । उसने ऑस्ट्रिया, जेकोस्लोवेकिया, लिथुआनिया पर अधिकार जमाया । हिटलर की यह साम्राज्यवादी नीति द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का कारण बनी ।

(7) तात्कालिक कारण : 1 सितंबर, 1939 की प्रातः काल जर्मनी ने पोलेण्ड पर आक्रमण किया । जिससे द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध का आरंभ हुआ । ब्रिटेन, फ्रांस ने जर्मनी को तत्काल युद्ध बंद करने की चेतावनी दी परंतु जर्मनी ने उसकी उपेक्षा की इसलिए ब्रिटेन और फ्रांस युद्ध में कूद पड़े । परिणामस्वरूप पूरे विश्व में द्वितीय विश्वयुद्ध की ज्वालाएँ फैली ।

The expenditure done by the government are of two types. 

They are:

(i) Plan expenditure and

(ii) Non-plan expenditure.

(i) Plan Expenditure: The expenditure that government thoroughly discussed in the budget and sets estimates for it in the Planning Commission under the Five Year Plan is called ‘Plan Expenditure’. Example: Expenditure to be done on building, roads and bridges, generating electricity, raising irrigation al facilities, etc.

(ii) Non-plan Expenditure: The expenditure to be done for day to day routine activities of the government is called “Non-plan Expenditure”. Example: Administrative expenses of government, salaries of government employees, different welfare schemes and fairs, celebrations and various other public and private expenditures.

सही विकल्प है (C) IMF

1. (ILO)

2. (6)

3. (5)

4. (सोवियत संघ)

5. (पोलैंड)

6. (एक लाख 24 हजार)

FAO कृषि उत्पादन, जंगल और मत्स्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि करने तथा पोषण का स्तर ऊँचा लाने में सहायता करती है ।

During the Second World War period, there was acute shortage of food grains and other essential goods. The British government had introduced rationing in 1942. For this purpose a chain of fair price shops was set up across the country. The statutory rationing continued even after independence as her was acute shortage of food grains. After India became self-sufficient in food requirements the statutory rationing was lifted in 1972. However, as a poverty alleviation measure, the Public Distribution System was introduced in 1977.

The PDS supplies essential goods to the low-income groups and the people living below poverty line at a reasonable price through a chain of 4.92 lakh fair price shops. The difference between the open market price and prices in the fair price shops, are borne by the government by giving subsidy. The PDS has become a boon for maintaining adequate standard of living for the lower classes. However, there is need to strengthen administrative machinery, ensure regular supply of the required quantity of essential goods and honesty among the shopkeepers. 

[Please note some details in the textbook were incorrect and incomplete. These have been corrected in the answer.]

At times, when the demand of some specific products is more, the producers or traders hoard the goods in their god owns or shops.

Then they create an artificial scarcity on temporary basis and later sell goods at higher prices. Innocent customers consider this artificial scarcity as true and become prepared to buy goods even at higher prices. When the price rises, then after selling some products, again the sellers hoard goods in order to earn higher prices. When the price rises, then after selling some products, again the sellers hoard goods in order to earn higher profits in future. Thus, the producers and traders take undue advantage of consumer’s demands and ignorance and sell he hoarded goods at higher prices and earn higher profits. Thus, hoarding becomes a cause and also an effect of price rise.

हमारी विदेश नीति अत्यधिक आदर्शवादी रही है। अनेक बार हमने शान्ति दूत का खिताब हासिल करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय हितों की अनदेखी की है। हमारी विदेश नीति की असफलता का एक श्रेष्ठ उदाहरण हमारी तिब्बत नीति थी। जहाँ हमें अपनी गलत विदेश नीति की वजह से सच्चे मित्र नहीं मिल सके वहीं हमने चीन तथा पाक जैसे पड़ोसियों को अपना कट्टर शत्रु बना लिया। हमारी गुटनिरपेक्षता को भी सदैव सन्देहास्पद नजरों से देखा गया है। अत: अब वर्तमान परिप्रेक्ष्य में विदेश नीति में परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता है।

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 envisages one establishment of the Consumers Society (Consumer Protection Council) at the taluka, district, state and national level. These are non-political, non-profit voluntary organizations. The consumers themselves take an initiative in their establishment.

They serve as a watchdog and protect consumers from unfair trade practices. For this purpose, they undertake consumer’s education activities and create awareness among consumers. They offer suggestions to the government in framing policies related to consumers. They review the existing legal provisions and suggest necessary changes in the Acts. They published periodicals like ‘Grahak Suraksha’, ‘Insight’, ‘The Consumer’, ‘Grahak Manch’, etc. to create awareness among the consumers.

They help consumers in filing complaints and, at times, represent the consumers. They help consumers in filing complaints and, at times, represent the consumers in the proceedings of the consumer courts. They serve as a check on unfair trade practices and discourage the traders to indulge in these practices by the treat of legal proceedings.

To prevent hoarding and to maintain the prices of essential goods at reasonable level and to ensure their easy availability, the government fixes the prices of certain commodities. This is called administered price mechanism.

In other words, the government administers the price of commodities in the market. It asks the traders to sell the goods at the fixed prices decided by the Government.

A consumer may be exploited in the following ways:

1. Providing lesser weight than the one printed on the packet.
2. Providing slightly defective or fake commodity/goods.
3. Over-pricing.
4. Providing adulterated goods.
5. Unsatisfactory after-sale services, etc.
6. In businesses such as, banking, insurance, mobile services and phones, medical facilities, etc. the customer is lured by attractive but false and misleading advertisements.
7. Many a time unaware customers get cheated. At times, such goods are sold which cause physical as well as mental harassment.
8. Sometimes the sellers create artificial scarcity or do not provide complete information before selling.

1. Revolutionary movements began in foreign countries also giving freedom to India from the British.
2. The revolutionary activities that began in India spread to different countries like England, Canada, America, Germany, France, Myanmar, Malaya, Singapore, Afghanistan, Russia.
3. Syamji Krishna Verma, Madanlal Dhingra, Vir Savarkar, Lala Hardayal, Udham Singh, Raja Mahendra, Pratap, Madam Bhikhaji Cama, Sardar Singh Rana, Maulana Abdulla, Maulana Basir, Charmpak Raman Pillai, Dr. Mathur Singh ‘Khudabaksh’ were associated with their activities.
4. The revolutionary activities in the foreign countries gave impetus to the revolutionary activities in India.
5. Pistols were being secretly sent to India from England along with the beddings of cooks.
6. Madanlal Dhingra killed William Wylie who used to criticize the revolutionaries.
7. In 1907, the Indian Independence league was established in California, America, which was later named as ‘Gadar Party’ by Lala Hardayal. A weekly named ‘Gadar’ was published in four languages.
8. Taraknath Das and Kartar Singh too joined this activity.
9. Champak Raman Pillai formed the ‘Hind Rashtriya Swayamsevak Dal’ in Germany, plan was made to attack India by making Iraq as the headquarter.
10. Madam Cama hoisted national flag for the first time in the conference held in Stuttgart, Germany.
11. Raja Mahendra Pratap formed the Provisional Independent Government under ‘Rashtra Pramukh’ in Afghanistan in which Barkatulla, Abidulla, Maulana Bashir, Shamsher Singh, Dr. Mathur Singh etc. also joined. This government made efforts to get help from Russia, Iran, Turkey, etc.
12. Sohanlal Pathak in Burma and Parmanand in Singapore carried on revolutionary activities.
13. In order to obtain freedom for the motherland, to achieve the noble goal of freedom the revolutionaries sacrificed their lives having feeling of patriotism, sacrifice etc.
14. Their sacrifices would provide inspiration to the young generation for ages.

विश्व के बालकों का स्वास्थ्य सुधारने के लिए पौष्टिक आहार, शिक्षा और बालकल्याण की प्रवृत्तियाँ करती है ।

(A) Price rise is beneficial to economic development: Moderate price rise, along with economic stability is beneficial to economic development. Increase in price of the manufactured goods means increase in the profit for the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurs strive to increase their profit by reducing the cost of production. The profits provide capital required for the new ventures.

New production units create more employment. They offer higher wages and better service conditions to the workers. Better wages means increase in purchasing power. People spend money to improve their standard of living. Thus price rise gives momentum to industrialization and industrialization serves as engine of economic development.

(B) Price rise is a hindrance in economic development: Unrestrained price rise is called hyper-inflation. It is a hindrance to economic development. It results in the fall in the value of money and purchasing power. The high prices of goods and services are beyond, the reach of common people. The middle class and the poor suffer. It reduces saving and adversely affects capital formation.

High volatility in economy discourages the entrepreneurs from launching new ventures. The entrepreneurs prefer production of luxury goods and neglect production of the essential goods to earn more profit. The scarcity of essential goods leads to hoarding and black marketing. Economy loses its momentum due to the chaos created by the hyperinflation. Thus, price rise is a hindrance in economic development.

Black money is unaccounted money. Many economic transactions are not mentioned in the books of account to evade taxation. Excess income is hidden in the form of black money. Black money constitutes parallel economy in India, whereby such persons invest in land and real estate; or they lend money to those who indulge in unfair trades like smuggling and speculative trade. They are afraid being caught and therefore prefer to spend money on luxurious lifestyles. They store their money outside the country in foreign banks. In this way, black money is a contributing factor to the price rise.

(a) To sell the commodities at any price

दक्षिण एशिया एक ऐसा क्षेत्र है, जहाँ के सभी देशों में सद्भाव एवं शत्रुता, आशा व निराशा तथा पारस्परिक शंका एवं विश्वास साथ-साथ बसते हैं।

(c) Bipolarisation

पाकिस्तान, दक्षिण एशिया का एक महत्त्वपूर्ण देश है। यहाँ लोकतन्त्र एवं सैन्यतन्त्र दोनों प्रकार की शासन-व्यवस्था रही है, जिसे निम्नलिखित बिन्दुओं के अन्तर्गत स्पष्ट किया जा सकता है-

पाकिस्तान में लोकतन्त्र एवं सैन्य तन्त्र (पाकिस्तान की राजनीतिक व्यवस्था)
1. पाकिस्तान में लोकतन्त्र-सन् 1947 में ब्रिटिश शासन की समाप्ति के बाद भारत और पाकिस्तान का एक स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र के रूप में उदय हुआ। पाकिस्तान अपनी स्थापना के समय दो खण्डों में विभाजित राष्ट्र था। इसके एक भाग को पश्चिमी पाकिस्तान एवं दूसरे भाग को पूर्वी पाकिस्तान कहा गया। दोनों के मध्य में भारत राष्ट्र स्थित था। सन् 1947 में पाकिस्तान के निर्माण के समय लोकतान्त्रिक पद्धति में विश्वास जताया गया। मुस्लिम लीग के अध्यक्ष मुहम्मद अली जिन्ना को पाकिस्तान का प्रथम गवर्नर जनरल बनाया गया।
2. सैनिक शासन की स्थापना-पाकिस्तान के पहले संविधान के निर्माण के बाद देश के शासन की बागडोर जनरल अयूब खान ने अपने हाथों में लेकर सैन्य तानाशाही लागू कर दी। शीघ्र ही अयूब खान ने अपना निर्वाचन भी करा लिया। उनके शासन के विरुद्ध जनता ने आन्दोलन कर दिया। फलस्वरूप इन्हें अपना पद छोड़ना पड़ा। जनरल याहिया खान ने सैन्य शासन की बागडोर सँभाली। इनके शासन के दौरान पाकिस्तान को बंगलादेश संकट का सामना करना पड़ा। सन् 1971 में भारत-पाकिस्तान के मध्य युद्ध हुआ, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप पूर्वी पाकिस्तान टूटकर एक स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्र बंगलादेश बना।
3. निर्वाचित सरकार का गठन-सन् 1971 में पाकिस्तान में जुल्फिकार अली भुट्टो के नेतृत्व में एक निर्वाचित सरकार का गठन हुआ। यह सरकार सन् 1977 तक अर्थात् लगभग 6 वर्षों तक पाकिस्तान में स्थापित रही।
4. पुनः सैन्य शासन की स्थापना–सन् 1977 में जनरल जियाउल-हक ने पाकिस्तान की लोकतान्त्रिक ढंग से चुनी गयी जुल्फिकार अली भुट्टो की सरकार को अपदस्थ कर सैन्य शासन की स्थापना की। जनरल जियाउल-हक पाकिस्तान के राष्ट्रपति बने। सन् 1982 से जनरल जियाउल-हक को पाकिस्तान में अनेक लोकतन्त्र समर्थक आन्दोलनों का सामना करना पड़ा।
5. लोकतान्त्रिक शासन-व्यवस्था की स्थापना–सन् 1988 में एक बार पुनः जुल्फिकार अली भुट्टो के नेतृत्व में लोकतान्त्रिक सरकार का गठन हुआ। इसके बाद पाकिस्तान की राजनीति बेनजीर भुट्टो की पाकिस्तान पीपुल्स पार्टी एवं मुस्लिम लीग की आपसी होड़ के इर्द-गिर्द घूमती रही। पाकिस्तान मे निर्वाचित लोकतन्त्र की यह अवस्था सन् 1999 तक कायम रही।
6. पुनः सैन्य शासन की स्थापना-सन् 1999 में पाकिस्तान के तत्कालीन सेना प्रमुख जनरल परवेज मुशर्रफ ने प्रधानमन्त्री नवाज शरीफ को हटाकर सैन्य शासन की स्थापना की । सन् 2001 में परवेज मुशर्रफ ने अपना निर्वाचन राष्ट्रपति के रूप में करा लिया, लेकिन व्यवहार में पाकिस्तान में सैन्य शासन कायम रहा।
7. पाकिस्तान में पुनः लोकतन्त्र की स्थापना–पाकिस्तान में बढ़ते लोकतन्त्र समर्थक जन-आन्दोलन एवं विश्व जनमत के बढ़ते दबाव को देखते हुए राष्ट्रपति परवेज मुशर्रफ ने फरवरी 2008 में पाकिस्तान में आम चुनाव कराए; जिसमें पाकिस्तान पीपुल्स पार्टी को बहुमत प्राप्त हुआ। यूसुफ रजा गिलानी को प्रधामन्त्री बनाया गया। सितम्बर 2008 में परवेज मुशर्रफ के स्थान पर आसिफ अली जरदारी को पाकिस्तान का राष्ट्रपति बनाया गया।

To keep price level under control, the Government has implemented a law called ‘Essential Commodities Act, 1955’.

As per this Act, if the trader does not sell goods according to the prices fixed by the Government, it can initiate proceedings against the trader and penalize him. PASA means ‘Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act’. Under PASA, the government initiates legal proceedings and undertakes intensive campaigns against hoarders, black marketers and speculators.