Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in .

The correct answer is option 4.

Summary of the situation:

• The main cause in this context is the death's of the safai karmachari sewer due to asphyxiation,(lack of oxygen),
• No one is ready to look into this matter, and the members of the organization which arranges the sessions for cleanliness are restless and willing to help.
• Fact explained in the given context is that many notable persons too speak or think regarding manual scavenging as a spiritual experience and they (safai karmachari) had no other option for work (as an employee) as they have born in such caste which is identified with scavenging

• Non verbal communication types include facial expressions, gestures, para linguistics such as loudness or tone of voice, body language, proxemics or personal space, eye gaze, haptics (touch), appearance, and artifacts.
• The human face is extremely expressive, able to convey countless emotions without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial expressions are universal.
• A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication or non-vocal communication in which visible bodily actions communicate particular messages, either in place of, or in conjunction with, speech. Gestures include movement of the hands, face, or other parts of the body.

Hence, option 1 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Mental set.

• Problem-solving can have one step as well as multiple steps.
• The end goal is to solve a problem by overcoming every barrier on the way.
• The mental set is considered a barrier to problem-solving.
• A mental set is an unconscious tendency to approach a problem in a certain way.
• It is about reusing what has been successful in the past, rather than assessing and evaluating the problem.
• Functional fixedness is a subtype of mental set and refers to the inability to see an object’s potential uses aside from its prescribed uses.
• Some people keep trying to solve a problem with a set conventional rule and do no consider thinking out of the box. 
• It relies on previous experiences to direct how a problem can be solved. This could be an intellectual block, as the problem solver is not prepared to learn new problem-solving skills, and emotionally relies on familiarity to feel comfortable with a solution.

The correct answer is Algorithm

• Algorithm
  • ​It is a problem-solving rule or procedure that when followed step by step, assures that a correct solution will be found.
  • It is one of the strategies of problem-solving.
  • It helps in finding the correct solution to any problem through a step-by-step process.
  • Its outcomes are accurate.
  • It is mostly used in computer science and even Google and Facebook use Algorithms.
  • Example: Instruction manual for installing software on a laptop.
  • Its drawback is that it is a highly time-consuming process.

• Mental-set
  • It leads to functional fixedness.
  • In this, the observer creates a tendency to see only those solutions that worked in past.
• Trial and error
  • In this, the person tries different solutions and removes those that are not working.
  • This trail goes on until the problem is not solved.
  • It is a very time-consuming process.
• Insight
  • In this, the solutions occur too quickly.
  • It can happen due to experience and consciousness.
  • The solutions through insights are more accurate.

The correct answer is 1,2,3, and 4

• Communication within an organization or group is an interaction between three or more people, who are communicating face to face or through some other means to achieve a common goal.
• This communication is not done to know about each other, rather it seeks to solve a problem.
• Goal attainment is another important aspect of group communication.

•  Functions of Group or Organization Communication:
  • Communication within a group acts as control member behavior.
    • For example, An employee in an organization tries to impress his/her boss by working extra time. Other employees in the organization might make fun of him and will informally control his/her behavior.
  • Communication fosters motivation:
    • It means from time to time, the employee must be given feedback about what they must do? how this work can be improved? or how well they are doing?.
    • This way the employees feel motivated and work with more dedication in achieving organizational goals.
  • Communication provides emotional feelings:
    • It means that members of the group show their happiness and sadness by way of communication to others.
    • An organization must have a proper way of communication with its employees.
    • It attracts fulfillment of social needs.
  • Communication facilitates decision making:
    • Timely communication of information regarding the company's progress, competitions, market development, new technologies, etc. to employees or groups helps in avoiding future losses.
    • It is the responsibility of organizations to keep informed their employees.
    • The information helps in taking accurate and fast decisions.

• All four functions of group communication are required for proper functioning in the organization.
• Without them, the organizational cycle will stop operating well.

The correct answer is Brainstorming

• Brainstorming involves a group of people (usually 5-10) sitting around a table and generating ideas for solving problems in the form of free association.
• It helps in generating varieties of ideas and solutions.
• These ideas are written on a blackboard so that everyone can see them.
• After that, these ideas are analyzed and unpractical solutions are removed.
• No idea is criticized no matter how absurd it sounds.
• After discussion. ideas are evaluated.

• Pros of Brainstorming:
  • It encourages free-wheeling.
  • In this, one idea leads to the generation of other ideas.
  • This technique will generate the best idea and a unique solution.
• Cons of Brainstorming:
  • It is a time-consuming process.
  • It is effective only when the problem is comparatively specific and simple to be defined. 

• Decision-making deals with choosing from many alternatives courses of action.
  • The best decision brings prosperity and profitability to the company.
  • Making wrong decisions can lead to many future losses.
  • One must look into the positive and negative aspects while making decisions
  • Techniques of Decision Making:
    • Brainstorming
    • Delphi Technique
    • Nominal Group Technique
    • Fishbowling
    • Didactic Interaction

The correct answer is Initial state, Goal state, operations and controls.

• The problem is any situation in which one tries to reach a goal and find a means to reach that goal.
• Problem- Solving is of two types:
  • Ill-defined problems
  • Well defined problems
• Ill-defined problems are not well defined.
  • They don't have any clear goals, solution paths, or expected solutions.
  • For example: Drawing a picture, Writing poetry, etc.
• Well-defined problems have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solutions.
  • For example, The game of Chess has a clear goal, initial state, and set of operators.

• Features of Well-defined Problem:
  • They have a clear goal state.
  • They have a given starting situation i.e. Mental set.
  • They have a set of resources or operators to control.
  • They have ownership or mental representations.
• A well-defined problem is also known as a formal problem.
• It is the reverse of an Ill-defined problem.

The correct answer is functional fixedness.

• Functional fixedness is a type of cognitive bias.
  • In this, the person limits his creativity and is unable to see beyond the usual functions of something.
  • In other words, the person uses objects in the same manner as it is traditionally used.
  • Example
    • A person needs a jar to store sugar, but instead of using an empty pickle jar, he goes and buys a new jar for sugar.
    • A person solves the geometry problem, in the same manner, he solves in the past, but not using any alternative method to solve the problem.
  • It is the inability to realize that a problem can be solved by unusually using a familiar object.
  • This type of mental set prevents the person from coming up with new solutions.
  • It will prevent the person from solving a minor problem.

• The mental set prohibits the person from seeing the solution to problems.
• It makes the thinking of a person fixed.
• The mental set of people is based on past experiences.
• Functional fixedness is originated from Gestalt psychology.

The correct answer is Assessing utility.

• Subjective probability measures the degree of belief in the likelihood of occurrence of a specific outcome.
  •  It does not require any formal calculations and utility.
  • It is based on the subject's opinion and past experience.
  • It differs from person to person.
  • It contains a high degree of personal bias.
  • It is affected by a variety of beliefs of the person.
  • Example: An analyst may forecast the Sensex opening based on its past trends and current market scenario.

• Objective probability is just the opposite of Subjective probability.
  • It is based on statistics, experiments, and mathematical experiments.
  • It is also called frequency probability.
  • Example: The probability of getting heads in a coin is 30% because if a coin is flipped often, It will result in heads 30% of the time.

The correct answer is Undistributed middle term.

• Undistributed middle term
  • ​It is a logical fallacy.
  • Also known as Maldistributed middle.
  • In this fallacy, the middle term is not distributed in at least one of the arguments.
  • Example: 'Some languages are difficult to learn, Sanskrit is a language, Therefore, Sanskrit is difficult to learn.’
    • ​In this example, the middle term language is undistributed since it is a predicate of both arguments.

• Composition 
  • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
  • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
  • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy.
• Division 
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighborhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbor, John, will like to play cricket with them.

The correct answer is Illicit generalization.

• Illicit generalization: 
  • It is also called the Hasty or Overgeneralization Fallacy.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true based on small evidence.
  • Example: Recently, some beggars in the street path looted a man. All beggars are just as clever behind innocent faces.
    • This example shows that based on one piece of evidence the person concludes all beggars as thieves and criminals.
    • Such type of fallacy must be avoided as it will be dangerous.

• Petitio Principii 
  • It is also called 'Begging the Question'.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true without any proof supporting it.
• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.

The correct answer is Non- observation and illicit generalization.

• Many people die on bed. Do not, therefore, lie on the bed is an example of the Fallacy of Non- observation and illicit generalization.
• Non- observation:
  • In this type of fallacy, we overlook the instances, which are relevant for the investigation.
• Illicit generalization:
  • It is also called the Hasty or Overgeneralization Fallacy.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true based on small evidence.
  • Example: Recently, some beggars in the street path looted a man. All beggars are just as clever behind innocent faces.
    • This example shows that based on one piece of evidence the person concludes all beggars as thieves and criminals.
    • Such type of fallacy must be avoided as it will be dangerous.

• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.
• Composition:
  • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
  • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
  • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy. 

The correct answer is Ignoratio Elenchi.

• Ignoratio Elenchi:
  • It is also called the fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion.
  • This fallacy reaches a conclusion but misses the point in question.
  • Example: Elephants can't be so dangerous to humans, because they are so calm and look so cute.

• Bad analogy:
  • ​It is also called False Analogy.
  • In this fallacy, if objects A and B have quality C in common, they must also have a quality D in common.
• Division:
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighbourhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbour, John, will like to play cricket with them.
• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.

The correct answer is Division.

• Thirteen is one number. Six and seven are thirteen. Therefore six and seven are one number is an example of the Four-term fallacy.
• Division: 
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighbourhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbour, John, will like to play cricket with them.

• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.
• Composition:
  • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
  • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
  • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy.

The correct answer is Active listening.

• Communication barrier in a workplace:
  • ​Physical barriers:
    • Physical barriers are even more evident within organizations with blue-collar employees without designated working space.
    • Such a barrier can go a long way in causing damage to an organization that doesn’t know how to leverage technology to eliminate communication challenges.
    • Examples: Social/Physical Distancing, Noise etc.
  • Lack of trust:
    • When there is no trust, there is no effective communication. In other words, when employees don’t trust their employers, leaders, or managers, communication suffers. 
    • This is the reason why one of the main goals for organizations across the world has become to build trust in the workplace. Yet, many employers still have a long way to go to become more trustworthy.
    • Prejudice is the main reason behind the Lack of Trust.
  • Wrong communications channels: (Improper Medium)
    • There are many different communication channels people use nowadays. The same is true for companies, especially large enterprises.
    • Such complexity in the communication ecosystem makes it hard for employers to make sure that they use the right channels to inform their people and deliver relevant information in a timely manner. 
    • As the result, the average employee spends around 20% of their time searching for internal information.​
  • Listening:
    • ​Communication should always be a two-way street.
    • Moreover, listening is often much more important than speaking. Yet, many companies still don’t understand the importance of encouraging employees’ share of voice and the value of their feedback. Hence, active Listening is necessary for good Communication.
    • Those who drive and nurture the culture of open workplace communication enjoy a happier, healthier, and more engaged workforce.

The correct answer is APSWAN.

• From 1999 onwards, the Government of Andhra Pradesh launched APSWAN, a project aimed at leveraging advances in ICT as the backbone network for data, voice, and video communications across the state.
• APSWAN was improved in 2010 under NeGP to provide the communication backbone for optimal eGovernment implementation across the State.
• APSWAN provides 34 Mbps connectivity between the state headquarters and all 13 district headquarters in Andhra Pradesh, as well as 8 Mbps connectivity between the district headquarters and 46 RDOs and 654 Mandal headquarters.
• On behalf of the ITE&C Department, APTS is the implementing and management agency.

• Andhra Pradesh:
  • Formation :1 November 1956
  • Governor: Biswabhusan Harichandan
  • Chief Minister: Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy (YSRCP)

The correct answer is Ignoratio Elenchi.

• Ignoratio Elenchi:
  • It is also called the fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion.
  • This fallacy reaches a conclusion but misses the point in question.
  • Example: Elephants can't be so dangerous to humans, because they are so calm and look so cute.

• Composition:
  • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
  • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
  • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy. 
• Division:
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighbourhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbour, John, will like to play cricket with them.
• Illicit generalization:
  • It is also called the Hasty or Overgeneralization Fallacy.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true based on small evidence.
  • Example: Recently, some beggars in the street path looted a man. All beggars are just as clever behind innocent faces.
    • This example shows that based on one piece of evidence the person concludes all beggars as thieves and criminals.
    • Such type of fallacy must be avoided as it will be dangerous.

The correct answer is Illicit generalization.

• Illicit generalization:
  • It is also called the Hasty or Overgeneralization Fallacy.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true based on small evidence.
  • Example: Recently, some beggars in the street path looted a man. All beggars are just as clever behind innocent faces.
    • This example shows that based on one piece of evidence the person concludes all beggars as thieves and criminals.
    • Such type of fallacy must be avoided as it will be dangerous.
  • Example: Wine cannot be injurious to health, for if it had been so doctors would not have prescribed it.
    • ​This example, says that Wine can be consumed as it doesn't have any proof of ill effects on health.

• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.
• Petitio Principii 
  • It is also called 'Begging the Question'.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true without any proof supporting it.
• Ignoratio Elenchi:
  • It is also called the fallacy of Irrelevant Conclusion.
  • This fallacy reaches a conclusion but misses the point in question.
  • Example: Elephants can't be so dangerous to humans, because they are so calm and look so cute.

The correct answer is Physical division.

• Physical Division
  • It is also called the Real division.
  • It is the resolution of an individual thing into the natural parts that develops it.
  • Example 
    • ​The car has many parts like a wheel, engine, mirrors, etc.
    • The chair has many parts like the leg, back, and seat.

• Division
  • It means dividing or breaking something into parts.
  • In other words, dividing the broad field of study into the specialized field of study.
  • Example: Computer has many parts like RAM, ROM, etc.
  • It is of three types
    • Physical Division
    • Metaphysical Division:
      • Example: Human being into body, soul, or spirit.
      • It is the resolution of things or objects into the attributes which they possess.
      • Also called Mental distinction.
    • Logical Division
      • It is the resolution of a class into sub-classes that develop it.
      • Example: Triangle into Right-angled, Acute-angled, etc.
• Cross Division
  • ​In this division, the class is divided in various ways.
  • Each sub-class in these ways intersects every sub-class in each of the other ways.
  • Example: ‘Division of Indians into rich, poor, intelligent and dull’ 

• Graphic communication is the use of visual signals to transmit messages to people using colours, textures, lines and shapes that communicate not just messages but also emotions, attitudes, experiences, lifestyles and concepts.
• Colour graphics solely relies on vision. It is a form of communication with visual effect.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

• Speech of a leader is a form of Verbal Communication.
• Watching the speech of a leader on television is verbal as well as visual communication.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.

The correct answer is Cross division.

• ​‘Division of Indians into rich, poor, intelligent and dull’ is an instance of Cross division.
  • ​In this division, the class is divided in various ways.
  • Each sub-class in these ways intersects every sub-class in each of the other ways.

•  Division
  • It means dividing or breaking something into parts.
  • In other words, dividing the broad field of study into the specialized field of study.
  • Example: Computer has many parts like RAM, ROM, etc.
  • It is of three types:
    • Physical Division
      • It is also called the Real division.
      • It is the resolution of an individual thing into the natural parts that develops it.
      • Example: The car has many parts like a wheel, engine, mirrors, etc.
    • Metaphysical Division
      • Also called Mental distinction.
      • It is the resolution of things or objects into the attributes which they possess.
      • Example: Human being into body, soul, or spirit.
    • Logical Division
      • It is the resolution of a class into sub-classes that develop it.
      • Example: Triangle into Right-angled, Acute-angled, etc.

The correct answer is the Synonymous definition.

• 'A plant is a vegetable organism' is an example of a Synonymous definition.

• Synonymous definition
  • It means defining a word or symbol by giving a similar meaning to another word or symbol.
  • It gives the word an identical meaning.
  • Limitations
    • Sometimes there are no exact synonyms of the words.
    • Can't be used in the theoretical definition.
  • In the above example, the word 'Plant' has a 'Vegetable' synonym.
    • Another synonym of Plant is an herb, weed, flora, etc.

• Accidental definition 
  • ​It is an informal logical fallacy.
  • It is also called the fallacy of the general rule.
  • In this fallacy, one uses a general rule to a situation in which the rule is inapplicable.
  • Example: Human beings have the ability to sing. Therefore, all people are capable of singing.
• Negative definition
  • It is a logical fallacy.
  • It demands that the word or symbols should not be negative.
  • In other words, it depicts what a term means not what it does not mean.
  • Example: A chair is furniture that is not a table.
• Figurative definition
  • It is a logical fallacy.
  • It uses more metaphorical or figurative languages.

The correct answer is ​Feedback.

• Elements of the communication process: 
  • ​The communication process refers to the steps through which communication takes place between the sender and the receiver. This process starts with conceptualizing an idea or message by the sender and ends with feedback from the receiver. In details, the communication process consists of the following eight steps:
    1. Developing idea by the sender:
       • ​In the first step, the communicator develops or conceptualizes an idea to be sent.
       • It is also known as the planning stage since in this stage the communicator plans the subject matter of communication.
    2. Encoding:
       • ​Encoding means converting or translation the idea into a perceivable form that can be communicated to others.
    3. Developing the message:
       • ​After encoding the sender gets a message that can be transmitted to the receiver.
       • The message can be oral, written, symbolic or nonverbal. For example, when people talk, speech is the message; when people write a letter, the words and sentences are the messages; when people cry, the crying is the message.
    4. Selecting the medium:
       • ​Medium is the channel or means of transmitting the message to the receiver.
       • Once the sender has encoded him into a message, the next step is to select a suitable medium for transmitting it to the receiver.
       • The medium of communication can be speaking, writing, signalling, gesturing etc.
    5. Transmission of the message:
       • ​In this step, the sender actually transmits the message through a chosen medium.
       • In the communication cycle, the tasks of the sender end with the transmission of the message.
    6. Receiving the message by the receiver:
       • ​This stage simply involves the reception of the sender’s message by the receiver.
       • The message can be received in the form of hearing, seeing, feeling and so on.
    7. Decoding:
       • ​Decoding is the receiver’s interpretation of the sender’s message.
       • Here the receiver converts the message into thoughts and tries to analyze and understand it.
       • Effective communication can occur only when both the sender and the receiver assign the same or similar meanings to the message.
    8. Feedback:
       • The final step of the communication process is feedback.
       • Feedback means the receiver’s response to the sender’s message.
       • It increases the effectiveness of communication.
       • It ensures that the receiver has correctly understood the message.
       • Feedback is the essence of two-way communication.

The correct answer is Division.

• Division:
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighbourhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbour, John, will like to play cricket with them.

• Petitio Principii  
  • It is also called 'Begging the Question'.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true without any proof supporting it.
  • Example: Wine cannot be injurious to health, for if it had been so doctors would not have prescribed it.
    • ​This example, says that Wine can be consumed as it doesn't have any proof of ill effects on health.
  • Composition:
    • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
    • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
    • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy. 

The correct answer is Assessing utility.

• Anchoring heuristic
  • It is also known as focalism.
  • It refers to the human tendency to accept and rely on, the first piece of information received before making a decision.
  • That first piece of information is the anchor and sets the tone for everything that follows.
• Heuristics of representativeness
  • It involves estimating the likelihood of an event by comparing it to an existing prototype that already exists in our minds.
  • It is the process of judging some problem situation on the basis of its similarity with one encountered earlier.
  • It is what we think is the most relevant or typical example of a particular event or object.
  • We tend to overestimate the similarity between the two things they are comparing.
• Adjustment heuristic
  • It is when people employ a certain starting point (“the anchor”) and make adjustments until they reach an acceptable value over time.
• Availability heuristic
  • It describes our tendency to use information that comes to mind quickly and easily when making decisions about the future.
  • It can lead to bad decision-making because memories that are easily recalled are frequently insufficient for figuring out how likely things are to happen again in the future.
• Preparation for a utility assessment typically includes structuring the decision problem, developing an appropriate scale for measuring the attribute to be evaluated, and then acquainting the decision-maker with various aspects of assessment procedures.
• Hence, Assessing utility is NOT a rule for estimating the likelihood of outcomes of any decision.

The correct answer is Group think.

• Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.
• In many cases, people will set aside their own personal beliefs or adopt the opinion of the rest of the group.
• In a group, individuals reach a consensus without critical reasoning or evaluation of the consequences or alternatives.
• Groupthink is based on a common desire not to upset the balance of a group of people.

The correct answer is Assertive.

• Assertive Decision Making
  • ​It is the most effective and productive decision-making.
  • In this, the person decides a calmer way rather than being aggressive.
  • It is a polite and positive way of communication.
  • It allows one to profess and defend the claims, ideas, and decisions calmly but powerful.
  • It enables one to express thoughts and feelings and increases self-esteem.

• Passive Decision Making
  • In this, one is unable to express his feelings, needs, and opinions.
  • It leads to bad decision-making as one is not able to give his opinions and stand up for his rights.
• Passive-Aggressive Decision Making
  • This style relates to an idiom - "The visible teeth and the teeth used by an elephant to eat are not the same".
  • In this, one appears passive but is really acting out anger in an indirect way.
  • Example: Smiling when angry
  • In this, people will feel powerless, stuck, and resentful.
  • They show cooperation while purposely doing things to disrupt the process.
• Aggressive Decision Making
  • In this, one tries to dominate others by using abusive means.
  • They express their feelings and opinions that violate the rights of others.
  • The decision-making done in such a way will lead to negative outcomes.
  • It will not give importance to other's ideas, suggestions, and opinions.

The correct answer is Behavioural style.

• The decision-making style can be broadly classified into these styles-
  • Directive
  • Analytical
  • Behavioural
  • Conceptual
• Directive style
  • The decision is made based on clear, undisputed facts and impersonal rules and procedures.
  • The individuals who follow this style trust their own senses and short, focused reports from others.
  • They typically react quickly and does not like to dwell on decisions.
• Analytical style
  • These decision-makers examine much information before taking action.
  • Unlike directive decision-makers, an analytic decision-maker will seek information and advice from others to confirm or deny their own knowledge. 
  • This style is a well-rounded approach to decision-making but can be time-consuming.
  Behavioural style
  • The individuals under this style are a team-player.
  • They focus on the feelings and welfare of group members and other social aspects of work.
  • They evaluate information emotionally and intuitively.
  • The decision-makers are "overly concerned with keeping everyone happy".
• Conceptual style
  • These decision-makers are creative, exploratory, interested in novelty and comfortable taking risks.
  • These decision-makers tend to be good at discovering creative solutions to problems.
  • They deduce the situation with 'what ifs'.
  • They are conscious of how the decision will affect others.
  • They encourage creative thinking and collaboration and consider a broad array of perspectives.

The correct answer is The way in which options are presented influence the selection of option.

•  The framing effect occurs when decision-makers choose inconsistent solutions for identical problems based on the way the problems are presented to them.
• As a cognitive bias, framing effect is a major threat to the quality of decision-making and can incur substantial costs to organizations and societies.
• People tend to avoid risk when a positive frame is presented but seek risks when a negative frame is presented.
• In other words, we are influenced by how the same fact or question is presented.
• Prospect theory states that individuals are more sensitive to losses than gains, so we tend to become risk-averse.
• When presented with a 50-50 chance of gaining or losing an equal amount, we tend to avoid such a choice.

The correct answer is the Identification activity.

• According to Simon, an organization is a structure of decision-makers.
• The decisions are made at all levels of the organization.
• The decisions made are based on a number of assumptions.
• According to him, there are three stages of Decision Making Process:
  • Intelligence Activity:
    • In this stage, the executive tries to understand the organizational environment.
    • He understands and identifies the condition which needs decision-making.
  • Design Activity:
    • This stage deals with identifying, developing, and analyzing all possible alternatives.
  • Choice Activity:
    • The last stage is to choose the best alternative.
• Simon says that these stages are simple in appearance, but are more complex in the practical world.
• Each phase involves all three phases in itself.

• Simon's view on Decision Making:
  • He states that decision-making is a process of drawing conclusions from assumptions.
  • He said that decision-making is the core of administrative action.
  • He disapproved policy-administration dichotomy and proposed fact-value dichotomy.
    • ​He states that the science of administration should be based on factual assumptions of decision-making.
    • It should be based on systematic, empirical investigation, analysis, inductive, and descriptive methods.

The correct answer is Argumentum ad populum.

• Argumentum ad populum is a Latin term meaning "appeal to the people".
  •  It is an informal fallacy.
  • It says that something is right because the majority believes it true.
  • Example: Everyone drives at the same speed, so it shouldn't against the law.

• Argumentum ad Verecundiam:
  • It is also known as "appeal to authority".
  • In this, the opinion of an authority on a subject is used as proof to support an argument.
• Argumentum ad Misericordiam:
  • It is also known as an "appeal to pity".
  • In this, the person tries to win an argument or idea by exploiting the opponent's feelings or ideas.
• Argumentum ad Ignoratiam:
  • It is also known as an "appeal to Ignorance".
  • It says an argument is false because it is not yet proved true and an argument is true because it is not yet proved false.

The correct answer is Lateral Communication.

• Some of the most important types of direction in formal communication are
  • Downward
  • Upward
  • Horizontal or Lateral
  • Diagonal or Cross-wise
• Downward Communication
  • It occurs when information and messages flow down through an organization's formal chain of command or hierarchical structure.
  • It flows from a top-level to a low level in an organisation.
• Upward Communication
  • It is the process of information flowing from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels.
  • The function of upward communication is to send information, suggestions, complaints and grievances of the lower-level workers to the managers above.
• Horizontal or Lateral Communication
  • It involves the flow of messages between individuals and groups on the same level of an organization.
  • Functional managers operating at the same level, in different departments, through their communication, present a good example of lateral communication.
  • The main use of this dimension of communication is to maintain coordination and review activities assigned to various subordinates.
• Diagonal or Cross-wise Communication
  • It takes place when people working at the same level interact with those working at a higher or lower level of organisational hierarchy and across the boundaries of their reporting relationships.

The correct answer is Feedback.

• The different steps or elements in the communication-
  • Sender
  • Encoding
  • Medium
  • Receiver
  • Decoding
  • Feedback
• The sender is the source of the message that initiates the communication. The sender has a message or purpose of communicating to one or more people.
• Encoding takes place when the sender translates the information or message into some words, signs or symbols.
• Medium is how the message is being given to the receiver. It may be face-to-face, via email, via phone, via message or anything.
• The receiver is the person who senses or perceives or receives the sender’s message.
• Decoding is the process through which the receiver interprets the message and translates it into meaningful information.
• It may be remembered that decoding is affected by the receiver’s past experience, personal assessments of the symbols and gestures, expectations, and mutuality of meaning with the sender.
• Feedback is the receiver’s response to the sender’s message. It is their understanding of the message.
• In the communication process, the successful transfer of message can be checked through feedback. If the decoding of the message is as same as the encoding of the message, the feedback will let you know.

The correct answer is Accidental definition

• Accidental definition
  • ​It is an informal logical fallacy.
  • It is also called the fallacy of the general rule.
  • In this fallacy, one uses a general rule to a situation in which the rule is inapplicable.
  • Example: Human beings have the ability to sing. Therefore, all people are capable of singing.

• Too narrow definition
  • It is a logical fallacy.
  • It does not include all the things which should be included. 
• Figurative definition
  • It is a logical fallacy.
  • It uses more metaphorical or figurative languages.
• Synonymous definition​
  • It means defining a word or symbol by giving a similar meaning to another word or symbol.
  • It gives the word an identical meaning.
  • Limitations
    • Sometimes there are no exact synonyms of the words.
    • Can't be used in the theoretical definition.
  • In the above example, the word 'Plant' has a 'Vegetable' synonym.
    • Another synonym of Plant is an herb, weed, flora, etc.

The correct answer is Composition

• Composition
  • It is the reverse of the Fallacy of Division.
  • In this fallacy, what is true or correct about some parts of an object, then it is applied to whole parts of the object.
  • Example: Because all of the components of this car are heavy, then the car itself must also be heavy.

• Division 
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighborhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbor, John, will like to play cricket with them.
• Petitio Principii  
  • It is also called 'Begging the Question'.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true without any proof supporting it.
  • Example: Wine cannot be injurious to health, for if it had been so doctors would not have prescribed it.
    • ​This example, says that Wine can be consumed as it doesn't have any proof of ill effects on health.

The correct answer is Small Group Communication

• Small-Group Communication
  • ​It is a communication that takes place between three or more people.
  • It is formed for achieving a goal, mutual influence, and shared identity.
  • Minimum members are three and maximum members are twelve or fifteen.
  • In this, information is shared among the group members to solve the problems.
  • Being a small group, many individuals in a group take a leadership position.
  • It includes team meetings, board meetings, etc.
  • In this communication, the group remains focused on the defined goal.

•  Intrapersonal communication
  • ​When the communication takes place within ourselves.
  • In other words, when a person talks to himself and articulates his thoughts. 
• Dyadic communication
  • It is a form of verbal communication.
  • It is an interaction between two or more people that are held face-to-face.
  • It includes telephone, interview, discussion, etc.
• Virtual Reality communication
  • It is communication that is done using visual mediums.
  • It makes the work better using data visualization and other visual tools.
  • It makes communication more interactive and creative.
  • Example: A company uses Virtual Reality for Immersive meetings.

The correct answer is to smile at the correct time.

• Communication is a key element in building healthy relationships.
• When we talk to our co-workers, we must smile at the correct time.
  • ​This acknowledges co-worker's presence and shows positivity in the communication.
  • This also indicates that you are engaged in the communication process.
• Ways of making communication effective with co-workers:
  • Face-to-face communication
    • It is more personal than any other type of communication.
    • One can easily and openly discuss his worries, happiness, problems, etc. 
  • Listen
    • When a co-worker speaks, it becomes necessary to give him enough attention and listen to it carefully.
    • This will indicate your care towards your co-worker.
  • Make eye contact
    • This shows that you are paying attention to the speaker's words.
  • Participate in the conversation
    • Both the co-worker and you actively participate in the process of communication.
    • If any differences arise then sort them with respect.
  • Speak calmly
    • Always speak calmly whenever your turn arises to speak.
    • The choice of words must be correct.
  • Acknowledge their time
    • When you acknowledge your co-workers' time, then it shows that you care about his ideas.
• Advantages of effective communication with co-workers
  • It helps in resolving conflicts in the organization.
  • It initiates new ideas and creativity.
  • It increases the efficiency of the employees.
  • Mutual co-operation increases.
  • It helps in boosting the morale of the employees.

The correct answer is All of these.

• Interpersonal communication:
  • Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods.
  • It often includes the face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions, body language and gestures. The level of one’s interpersonal communication skills is measured through the effectiveness of transferring messages to others.
  • Commonly used interpersonal communication within an organization includes daily internal employee communication, client meetings, employee performance reviews and project discussions. In addition, online conversations today make a large portion of employees’ interpersonal communication in the workplace.
• The Importance of Interpersonal Communication in the Workplace:
  • ​Problem solving
    • ​Interpersonal communication skills are necessary because they allow people to discuss problems and weigh the pros and cons of alternatives before coming up with the final solution. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Alignment with business goals
  • Trust
  • Change management
  • Company culture
  • Employee recognition
  • Workplace miscommunication
  • Personal relationships
  • Effective management and leadership
    • ​Managers who maintain professionalism, open workplace communication and a positive attitude are more likely to be seen as approachable by their employees. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • Employee success
  • Conflict management
    • In order to keep your employees informed, motivated, connected and productive, organizations need to adjust their internal communication strategy based on new trends and their employees’ preferences. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Career development
  • Remote work
  • Crisis management

The correct answer is Petitio Principii.

• Petitio Principii 
  • It is also called 'Begging the Question'.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true without any proof supporting it.
  • Example: Wine cannot be injurious to health, for if it had been so doctors would not have prescribed it.​
    • This example, says that Wine can be consumed as it doesn't have any proof of ill effects on health.

• Four Terms:
  • Quaternion Terminorum is a Latin term meaning Fallacy of four terms.
  • This fallacy occurs when a syllogism has 4 terms rather than 3.
  • It includes statistical syllogism, hypothetical syllogism, and categorical syllogism.
  • Example: All men are robots, All robots are cars, All cars are buses.
    • In this example, there are four terms: Men, Robots, Cars, and Buses.
      • This makes the statement invalid as it requires one term common to both premises.
• Division: 
  • It is a reverse of the Fallacy of Composition.
  • In this fallacy, what is true about whole parts of an object, then it is true for the parts of the whole.
  • Example: The boys in my neighbourhood like to play cricket. So my new neighbour, John, will like to play cricket with them.
• Illicit generalization:
  • It is also called the Hasty or Overgeneralization Fallacy.
  • In this fallacy, the person assumes the conclusion is true based on small evidence.
  • Example: Recently, some beggars in the street path looted a man. All beggars are just as clever behind innocent faces.
    • This example shows that based on one piece of evidence the person concludes all beggars as thieves and criminals.
    • Such type of fallacy must be avoided as it will be dangerous.

The correct answer is Conceptual style decision makers.

• The decision-making style can be broadly classified into these styles-
  • Directive
  • Analytical
  • Behavioural
  • Conceptual
• Directive style
  • The decision is made based on clear, undisputed facts and impersonal rules and procedures.
  • The individuals who follow this style trust their own senses and short, focused reports from others.
  • They typically react quickly and does not like to dwell on decisions.
• Analytical style
  • These decision-makers examine much information before taking action.
  • Unlike directive decision-makers, an analytic decision-maker will seek information and advice from others to confirm or deny their own knowledge. 
  • This style is a well-rounded approach to decision-making but can be time-consuming.
  Behavioural style
  • The individuals under this style are a team-player.
  • They focus on the feelings and welfare of group members and other social aspects of work.
  • They evaluate information emotionally and intuitively.
• Conceptual style
  • These decision-makers are creative, exploratory, interested in novelty and comfortable taking risks.
  • These decision makers tend to be good at discovering creative solutions to problems.
  • They deduce the situation with 'what ifs'.
  • They are conscious of how the decision will affect others.
  • They encourage creative thinking and collaboration and consider a broad array of perspectives.

The correct answer is Uncertainty.

• As against using established rules in reasoning, the decision-making process involves Uncertainty.
• When there is no knowledge about the probabilities of the various states of nature, it is a decision under uncertainty.
• In such situation, future events or situation remains unknown.
• It makes the decision-making process more complex.
• It is very difficult to calculate the expected values of various alternatives.
• It can't be measured in quantitative terms.
• Its outcomes are unknown.

• Decision-making is the process of choosing from various alternatives to solve a given problem. 
• Decision-making is an important part of any organization.
• The right decision can bring profitability to the organization.
• A wrong decision can affect the goodwill of the organization.
• Every decision impacts the organization and its employee for a long term.
• There are four types of circumstances in which decisions are taken:
  • ​Decision under certainty
  • Decision under risk
  • Decision under conflict
  • Decision under uncertainty
• The decision under risk:
  • When a decision is based on incomplete but reliable information, it is a decision at risk.
  • It can be measured in quantitative terms.
  • The potential outcomes are known here.
  • It can be controlled if a proper measure is taken by the organization.
  • It can be easily be minimized by taking the necessary steps.
• The decision under certainty:
  • The condition of certainty prevails when there is no doubt about the factual basis of a particular decision.
  • It is the simplest form of decision-making.
  • There is the complete information regarding the outcome of each alternative.
  • If the number of alternatives is small then the outcomes can be compared with each other.
  • If the number of alternatives is large then mathematical tools like linear programming and deterministic inventory models can be used.
  • For instance, the decision is made to buy a car. Once this decision is made, there are many alternatives available to buy a car of which company.
  • It is possible to calculate the total cost of each of these alternatives and choose the one which gives the lowest cost.

The correct answer is option 3

Summary: In this, the Head of the NGO makes an environmental audit, compiles a report of the government-owned power unit, and finds that they are violating pollution norms.  You are threatened by some government officials that they will tarnish the NGO's credibility, in this situation looking after all options, option 3 correct one.

The correct answer is context.

• Interpersonal communication is the communication between two or more persons.
  • It leads to strong feedback communication.
  • It maintains close and long-lasting relationships.
  • It is also called Dyadic Communication. 
  • For example - Communication between two co-workers.
  • This interaction relates to their mutual interests, ideas, behavior, thoughts, likes, dislikes, etc.
  • It is one of the easiest ways of communication.

• Interpersonal communication is influenced by the context.
• This context can be both situational and social.
• Situational Context:
  • It deals with where the interaction is going on.
  • That is in a room, hall, or outdoors.
• Social Context:
  • It deals with the roles and responsibilities of the participants in the communication.
• If both the context is not properly defined, then it will act as a barrier in communication.

• Abstraction:
  • It refers to those concepts which are not experienced by one's senses.
• Flexibility:
  • It means acting or behaving differently in different situations.
  • It gives oneself the power to influence others.
• Displacement:
  • It refers to interacting about that situation that is not present here right now.

The correct answer is Non-verbal Communication.

• Proxemics is the study of personal space and the degree of separation that individuals maintain between each other in social situations. Each species has its own rules relating to the personal territory.
• It is a theory of non-verbal communication that explains how people perceive and use space to achieve communication goals.
• Neutral Communication
  • It means ensuring that what we are saying is not being misinterpreted.
  • Having a neutral communication style means using written or spoken language to communicate with people in clear, precise terms.
  • This comes back to self-awareness, which is the key to being aware of others and being able to empathise with them.
• Unidirectional Communication
  • It is a one-sided conversation where the social engineer communicates with the target, but the target has no means to communicate back with the social engineer.
  • This is normally done through some communication medium such as bulk e-mails or short message service.
• Verbal Communication
  • It is defined as communication to express our views, information, and ideas in the form of sound and words.
  • It is a type of oral communication wherein the message is transmitted through spoken words.
• Non-verbal Communication
  • It is the transmission of messages or signals through a nonverbal platform such as eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, posture, and the distance between two individuals.
  • It includes facial expressions, the tone and pitch of the voice, gestures displayed through body language (kinesics) and the physical distance between the communicators (proxemics).

The correct answer is Ethnocentrism.

• Ethnocentrism
  • It is the term anthropologists use to describe the opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct.
  • It is perceiving one's own cultural beliefs and customs as superior to those of other people.
• Semantics
  • It is the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
  • Semantic barriers to communication are the symbolic obstacles that distort the sent message in some other way than intended, making the message difficult to understand.
  • Wrong grammar and words can change the meaning of the information and act as a barrier in organisational communication.
• Ingratiation
  • It is a psychological technique in which an individual attempt to influence another person by becoming more likeable to their target.
  • It involves flattery, praise, and just generally trying to be likeable.
  • It is thought that employees want to be liked by their supervisor at a personal level and hence can modify the information.
• Impression management
  • It is a conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object or event by regulating and controlling information in social interaction.
  • This is also a barrier in organizational communication.
• Amongst the given option, Ethnocentrism is not ​an interpersonal barrier in organizational communication. It is not creating any hindrance while communicating one piece of information to others.

The correct answer is Active listening.

• Interpersonal communication is the process of exchange of information, ideas and feelings between two or more people through verbal or non-verbal methods.
• It often includes a face-to-face exchange of information, in a form of voice, facial expressions, body language and gestures.
• The level of one’s interpersonal communication skills is measured through the effectiveness of transferring messages to others.
• Active listening is fully concentrating on what is being said rather than just passively 'hearing' the message of the speaker.
• Active is the most fundamental component of interpersonal communication skills.
• This is where you make a conscious effort to hear not only the words that another person is saying but, more importantly, the complete message being communicated.
• While listening actively, you tend to use gesture and modify facial expression with each new information. It is a good habit to respect and acknowledge what the other person is saying.

The correct answer is option 2.

• Interpersonal Skills:
  • ​Interpersonal skills are the behaviours and tactics a person uses to interact with others effectively. Hence, option 2 is correct.
  • Strong interpersonal skills such as negotiating, problem-solving, and knowledge-sharing are the main requirements for many jobs. 

  • Interpersonal skills are traits you rely on when you interact and communicate with others. They cover a variety of scenarios where communication and cooperation are essential.

• Some examples of interpersonal skills include:
  • Active listening
  • Teamwork
  • Responsibility
  • Dependability
  • Leadership
  • Motivation
  • Flexibility
  • Patience
  • Empathy

The correct answer is i), ii), iii) and iv).

• Interpersonal skills:
  • Interpersonal skills are the qualities and behaviours we exhibit while interacting with other people. They are considered to be one of the most sought-after soft skills.
  • Strong interpersonal skills are a key indicator of success in a working environment, as benefits include the ability to cooperate with teammates to solve difficult problems, as well as simply enhancing your popularity around the office.
  • On the other hand, lacking them might lead to conflicts with colleagues or management and cause others to see you as a hindrance to getting the job done.
• Factors influencing interpersonal skill:​
  • Cultural factors include language, belief systems, morality, perspective, and customs.​

  • It is no exaggeration to say that interpersonal skills are the foundation for success in life. People with strong interpersonal skills tend to be able to work well with other people, including in teams or groups, formally and informally. They communicate effectively with others, whether family, friends, colleagues, customers or clients. They also have better relationships at home and at work.

The correct answer is option 2.

• Body Language of Listeners: The strategic use of body language plays a key role in effective communication. 
  • ​Avoid the temptation of checking e-mail, checking the watch, Looking out of the window or checking out how the other participants are reacting.
  • Nodding head using clusters of three nods at regular intervals.
  • Making eye contact.
  • Smiling directly influences people.